1. Chapter 18: The 18 th Century European States, International Wars and Social Change Part 1

2. Enlightened Absolutist in European States decline of “divine right” Belief in Natural Rights Belief in Natural Rights –Equality before the law –Freedom of religion, speech and press –Right to assemble, hold property and seek happiness Rulers should support this and.. Rulers should support this and.. –Foster arts, sciences and education –Obey and enforce laws fairly Distrust of the Masses Distrust of the Masses Aka “enlightened despots” Aka “enlightened despots”

3. The Atlantic Seaboard States Dutch power passes to England and France France Great Britain Dutch

4. France Louis XIV Louis XIV –Enlarged territories of France –Left a huge debt –5 year old successor

5. Louis XV of France 1 st regent Duke of Orleans = drunk 1 st regent Duke of Orleans = drunk Cardinal Fluery Cardinal Fluery –Pulled back from foreign venture –Balanced the budget –Increase in trade and industry Madame de Pompadour Madame de Pompadour Legacy Legacy –Loss of empire in Seven Years War –Increase in taxes –Major debt –Still party at Versailles During Louis XVI thing continued downhill

6. Great Britain – United Kingdom England and Scotland power shared between King and Parliament King King –Chose ministers to set policies and guide parliament –Played members off each other to keep power Parliament Parliament –Make laws –Levy taxes –Pass the budget

7. House of Lords House of Commons Landed aristocrats Peers for life Landowners similar economic interests Justice of the Peace in Counties Deputies are chosen from “pocket’ boroughs and counties by based on history no current population Wealthy had most power. All holders of property worth 40 shillings could vote British Parliament

8. George I, II, and III Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain Did not even speak English Did not even speak English Relied greatly on advisors therefore the beginnings of the modern “cabinet” Relied greatly on advisors therefore the beginnings of the modern “cabinet”

9. Ministers of the Hanoverian Kings William Pitt the Elder William Pitt the Elder « quotes « quotes Gained Canada and India in Seven Years War Gained Canada and India in Seven Years War Robert Walpole: Duke of NewCastle Robert Walpole: Duke of NewCastle –Peaceful foreign policy to avoid new taxes –Increase in trade and industry –Middle class favored expanding trade and world empire “The press is like the air, a chartered libertine." “Poverty of course is no disgrace, but it is damned annoying." “Unlimited power corrupts the possessor."

10. “Wilkes and Liberty” Lord Bute minister under George III Lord Bute minister under George III –Strengthened authority of the monarchy –Now more literate public wanted reform of patronage and electoral system John Wilkes John Wilkes –Middle class member of HoC –Outspoken journalist –Expelled from Parliament –Won next election, but denied seat –Above slogan began –Supported by commoners w/o voting rights and freeholders HoC focus on reducing strength of monarchy which had grown HoC focus on reducing strength of monarchy which had grown George III puts in William Pitt the Younger who delays reforms George III puts in William Pitt the Younger who delays reforms

11. King George III King during the American Revolution King during the American Revolution Periodic bouts of insanity Periodic bouts of insanity –Caught talking to a tree thinking it was the King of Prussia

12. The Decline of the Dutch Republic Economic decline Economic decline Struggle between oligarchists and Orangists Struggle between oligarchists and Orangists Burghers called Patriots are anti-Orange and want more democracy Burghers called Patriots are anti-Orange and want more democracy Prussia gets involved since King’s sis is Stadholder and old system is reestablished Prussia gets involved since King’s sis is Stadholder and old system is reestablished

13. Prussia: The Army and Bureaucracy First King, Frederick William I (r. 1688 - 1713 ) First King, Frederick William I (r. 1688 - 1713 ) –Established the General Directory Supervised military, police, economy, budget and administration of government Supervised military, police, economy, budget and administration of government –Civil Service Workers (closely supervised) Obedience, honor, and service to the state Obedience, honor, and service to the state –Prussian militarism – military virtues exhalted –Class system Junkers: (landed nobility) were only officers in Army (4 th largest) great loyalty to the King, big on military virtues Junkers: (landed nobility) were only officers in Army (4 th largest) great loyalty to the King, big on military virtues Peasants: worked the land and/or in the army, needed perm. of Junker to marry Peasants: worked the land and/or in the army, needed perm. of Junker to marry Middle Class: civil servants Middle Class: civil servants

14. Frederick II (the Great) Best educated & most cultured Best educated & most cultured “1 st Servant of the State” “1 st Servant of the State” Military involvement: Took over Silesia – War of Austrian Succession Seven Years’ War – “The Great” Kept Silesia and gained more land around Poland

15. FREDERICK THE GREAT Improved bureaucracy & raising standards of civil service Improved bureaucracy & raising standards of civil service –Severely punishing corruption & inefficiency –Promoted principles of mercantilism Rebuild industry and agriculture ( destroyed by various wars) Rebuild industry and agriculture ( destroyed by various wars) As a youth read & later corresponded with enlightenment intellectuals – invited Voltaire to Berlin As a youth read & later corresponded with enlightenment intellectuals – invited Voltaire to Berlin

16. Frederick the Great Reforms Reforms –Single code of laws –Freedom of Press & speech (limited) –Torture only for treason or murder –promoted education –Religious toleration for Christians Non-reforms Non-reforms –Serfs had no relief –Less power for those not noble

17. MARIA THERESA AUSTRIA/HABSBURG Departments of Foreign Affairs Departments of Foreign Affairs Curtailed roles of diets in taxes and local administrators Curtailed roles of diets in taxes and local administrators Clergy and nobles had to pay tax to royal officials Clergy and nobles had to pay tax to royal officials Divided area into 10 provinces and them into districts Divided area into 10 provinces and them into districts Enlarged and modernized the army Enlarged and modernized the army

18. Maria Theresa & Her Family Her Notable Children:  HRE Joseph II  HRE Leopold II  Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.) Her Notable Children:  HRE Joseph II  HRE Leopold II  Queen Marie Antoinette (Fr.)

19. JOSEPH II AUSTRIA/HABSBURG Joint ruler (1765 – 1780), then ruled 10 more years Strengthened monarchy & reformed society Strengthened monarchy & reformed society Religious freedom for Protestants, Greek Orthodox & Jews Religious freedom for Protestants, Greek Orthodox & Jews

20. Joseph’s Policies Economy –No internal trade barriers –No monopolies –No restrictions on guilds Legal Legal –No death penalty –All are equal before the law Social Social –Reduced influence of Roman Catholic Church –Closed monasteries –Did away with seminaries –Tried to abolish serfdom and give them hereditary rights to their holdings

21. Reactions to Joseph’s policies Reforms - expensive and both nobles and peasants revolted Reforms - expensive and both nobles and peasants revolted Joseph died thinking himself a failure Joseph died thinking himself a failure Joseph’s brother, Leopold II was forced to repeal much of Joseph’s measures Joseph’s brother, Leopold II was forced to repeal much of Joseph’s measures

22. CATHERINE THE GREAT Russia Peter III Peter III Determined to promote enlightenment Determined to promote enlightenment Founded two hospitals Founded two hospitals College of Medicine College of Medicine Public library Public library Corresponded with Diderot Corresponded with Diderot Brought Beccaria to rewrite criminal code Brought Beccaria to rewrite criminal code

23. Russia under Catherine Instruction: written to guide deliberations on new laws Instruction: written to guide deliberations on new laws –Addressed issued of serfs, torture, capital punishment and equality under the law –No firm results Divided Russia into provinces Divided Russia into provinces –Ruled by nobles –Made things even worse for lower classes Brought in Western art, architecture, literature, music and ideas Brought in Western art, architecture, literature, music and ideas Limited use of torture Limited use of torture Extended religious freedom Extended religious freedom Advocated inoculation against smallpox Advocated inoculation against smallpox

24. Pugachev Revolution (1773 –74) –Granted nobles absolute control of serfs. –exempted nobles for taxation –Revolt by peasants in Southern areas –Wanted freedom from oppressive taxes and military service –Seized estates and killed more than 1500 nobles –Pugachev betrayed and captured –Even worse than before

25. Legacy of Catherine the Great Expand territory Expand territory –Westward into Poland –South into Black Sea Defeats Turks Defeats Turks Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainaiji Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainaiji –Land –Protect Greek Orthodox –Right to sail on Turkish waters 50% of Poland 50% of Poland

26. Destruction of Poland Government organization king elected by nobles with greatly limited powers (limited revenue, small bureaucracy, army couldn’t have more than 20, 000 Divided among Austria, Russia, and Prussia at first still a little Poland (controlled by Russia) Polish rebellion lead by General Thaddeus Kosciuszko resulted in destruction on Poland (many cite this as example of why a strong absolutist state is necessary)

27. Spain Dynasty changed from Habsburgs to Bourbons (temp rejuvenation) Dynasty changed from Habsburgs to Bourbons (temp rejuvenation) Philip V Philip V Castillian laws, admistration and language Castillian laws, admistration and language French style ministries French style ministries Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht –Lost land in Italy and Netherlands –Spain better off Charles II Charles II –More control over Catholic Church –Aristocrats very powerful

28. Portugal Portugal –Begins long decline –Marquis of Pombal Chief minister for several years Curtailled nobility and church Revival of empire, but only while he was alive

29. Italy Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht –Austria replaces Spain Milan Milan Sardinia Sardinia Naples Naples –Sicily goes to Savoy –Venice and Genoa are independent but powerless

30. Sweden Decline in power after Battle of Poltara 1709 Decline in power after Battle of Poltara 1709 After death of Charles XIII After death of Charles XIII –Power in hands of Nobles –Nobles were split between supporting France and Russia Gustavus III (one of most enlightened) Gustavus III (one of most enlightened) –Freedom of religion, press, speech –No torture –Laissez faire (lower tariffs, no tolls, encourage trade and agriculture) –Assasinated by angry nobles, but they were unable to totally regain lost power

31. Denmark Christian VII Christian VII Chief Minister John Frederick Struensee Chief Minister John Frederick Struensee Reformers Reformers Aristocrats resisted and killed Struensee Aristocrats resisted and killed Struensee

32. Enlightened Absolutism Revisited Joseph II only true Joseph II only true Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great wanted to be thought of as enlightened Frederick the Great and Catherine the Great wanted to be thought of as enlightened All All –Put state power first –Current systems and aristocrats made reforming very difficult