1. Unit 4: Europe
Human Geography

2. Mediterranean Europe

3. History
Greece
City-state-political unit made up of a city and its surrounding land
2000 BC, first democracy created in Athens
All free adult males had the right to serve in assembly
Athens constantly at war with Sparta

4. History Roman Empire 275 BC
Republic-government where citizens elect representatives to rule
Rome stretched across Europe, into Asia, and Northern Africa
Christianity flourished
Eventually the empire split in half

5. Progress Through Time Crusades Renaissance Spain’s Empire 700s
Muslims and Catholic rulers fought for control of the area
Catholic rulers won out, expanded their control to colonies in South America and North America

7. Cultural Legacy
Rome:
Language: Romance languages developed (minus Greek)
Religion: Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholicism
Architecture
Politics

8. Cultural Legacy Art Architecture Aqueducts
Structures that carried water over long distances

9. Economic Change Agriculture to Industry
Mediterranean nations were focused more on fishing and agriculture
Eventually, manufacturing increased
Textiles, automobiles, clothing, shoes
1980s: Greece, Portugal, Spain joined the European Union

10. Economic Change Economic Problems
Northern region is more developed than southern area
North is closer to other industrial countries of Europe
South has poorer transportation system
Government tried to promote growth in south, but made bad choices

11. Modern Life Originally, some countries were ruled by dictators
Benito Mussolini
Francisco Franco
Eventually (death and WWII), Spain set up a constitutional government, Italy set up a republic

12. Modern Life The Basques Spanish minority
Lived in western foothills of Pyrenees
Langue is pre-Roman and is still spoken
Given independent rule by Spain, but some want independence

13. Modern Life City Growth People moving to cities for job opportunities
Housing shortages
Pollution
Traffic jams

14. Western Europe

15. History Rome vs. France Reformation Charlemagne
Protestant Church emerges thanks to Martin Luther
Protestant and Catholic issues still exist today

16. Rise of Nation-States Nationalism
Feudalism led to this strong feeling of loyalty
France was one of the first nation-states
Kings held power
Rebellion and French Revolution began in 1789
Formed a republic
Conflict arose between France, Austria, Germany

17. Rise of Nation-States
Modern Conflicts:
WWI
Holocaust
Berlin Wall

18. Economics Agriculture to High-Tech
France, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland
Dairy farming, livestock
Produce and export dairy products
France, Germany, Netherlands
Coal, iron ore manufacturing
Netherlands, Germany, France
High-tech services (energy, electronics, scientific instruments, etc)

19. Economics
Tourism and Luxury

20. Music and Art Music Painting Famous art from Germany and Austria
Classical music is famous due to this area of the world
Painting
Famous painters came from Western Europe

21. Modern Life City Life Good public transportation Entertainment
Smaller homes, more public places
More paid vacation time

22. Modern Life
Recent Conflicts
Guest workers
Racism
Political tension

23. Northern Europe

24. History Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
Early conquerors:
Wave after wave of people would move into N Europe and push out those before them
Ancient peoples of Great Britain were the Celts
Roman armies conquered these people, but Germanic tribes eventually took over the area
Vikings/Norsemen

25. History Vikings/Norsemen 795 AD
Denmark, Norway, Sweden captured much of Europe
Raided lands from Britain to Iceland and Greenland, even North America and Russia
William the Conqueror of Normandy conquered England, began to rule

26. History Denmark, Sweden, Norway became kingdoms
Great Britain built an empire that impacted the rest of the world (900s)
British Isles
Wales
Ireland
Scotland
United Kingdom expanded its naval force
Colonies in Americas, Asia, Africa, Oceania

28. Progressing Through Time
Parliament
Representative lawmaking body
Members are elected or appointed
Established in England
Industrial Revolution
World Wars and Colonial Control
Ireland Issues

29. Economics Industry and Resources Sweden and the UK: manufacturing
Cars, aerospace industries, paper products, food products, pharmaceuticals
Natural resources: timber, fishing, oil

30. Economics High-Tech Union or Independence?
Computer software and hardware
Union or Independence?
Most nations joined the EU, but some have not
Euro

31. Culture Language and Religion Theater and Film World Literature
Most speak a Germanic language due to earlier invasions
Reformation: Protestant and some Catholic
Theater and Film
World Literature

32. Life in Northern Europe
Social Welfare
Money for raising children
Health care systems
Health insurance programs
High taxes
Food and Traditions
Leisure
Rugby, cricket, soccer

33. Eastern Europe

34. History
Today: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Yugoslavia

35. History Cultural Crossroads Empires
People moved between Asia and Europe; lots of diversity
Traders, nomads, migrants, armies
Language, religion, politics, art, literature
Empires
Rome had control over most of the area (100 AD)
Byzantine Empire followed
Slavic groups established rule through the late 800s
Ottomans later conquered the area
Eventually, Austria, Prussia, and Russia divided up much of the territory (especially Poland)

36. Chaos in the 1900s
Wars
Balkan nations of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia went to war against Ottomans
Balkanization-process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units
Serbia sparked WWI
This lead to further breaks and tension in the region

37. Chaos in the 1900s 1939: WWII Germany takes over Poland
Soviet Union moved through Eastern Europe
Soviet Union set up satellite nations in Eastern Europe and communist governments

38. Chaos of the 1900s Recent Changes
Cold War lasted until 1989/early 1990s
Satellite nations pretty much gave up their Communist control in 1989
Instability followed, civil war escalated in Yugoslavia

39. Economy
Industry
Communism: government owns all factories and tells people what to produce
Eastern European countries traded only with Russia and each other, so there was difficulty making money
1989: move to a market economy
Now many of these countries have much better economies and are thriving

40. Economy Remaining Problems:
Albania’s economy growth has slowed due to old equipment, lack of materials, less educated workers
Romania’s citizens don’t have money to invest in business
Civil wars of the 1990s damaged Yugoslavia and others, lots of destruction

41. Culture Many languages Multiple religions Makes it difficult to unite
Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, Islam
Small Jewish population

42. Culture
Art
Folk art-rural people with traditional lifestyles (not professional)
Music influenced by the area and traditions
Dance

43. Modern Life Large cities do exist with thriving industry
However, the majority of the land is rural and undeveloped

44. Modern Life Conflict: Democracy: Anti-Semitism
Tension due to WWII and Nazis
Romany/Gypsy
Democracy:
Slowly developing due to inequality