1. The Middle Ages
1066–1485

2. Norman England
In 1066 William of Normandy, France, became king of England. His reign brought many changes.
Latin and French replaced English as the languages of learning and of the court.
Powerful Anglo-Saxons had to give up their land to Norman lords loyal to William.
The Normans, great administrators, emphasized law and order and brought record-keeping systems to England.
England “caught up” with European ideas.

3. Feudalism The Normans brought feudalism to England. Feudalism
was based on a religious concept of rank, with God as the supreme overlord
was a social system, caste system, property system, and military system
determined a person’s rank, duties, and loyalties
King: ruled by “divine right”
Feudal Lords: powerful landowners
Vassals: did work or military service for feudal lords in exchange for land
Serfs: servants to lords and vassals; bound to their master’s land

4. Knights in Shining Armor
Knights made up the Middle Age’s military.
Training began in boyhood and ended in vows of loyalty to a lord.
A knight’s equipment—horse, weapons, armor—was expensive, so most knights came from wealthy, noble families.
Knights defended their lord’s interests, property, and family and responded to the king’s call to arms in the event of war.
© Gianni Dagli Orti/CORBIS
Fifteenth Century Manuscript Illumination of a Knight in Armor from the Codex Capodilista

5. Chivalry
Chivalry was a system of ideals and social codes governing the behavior of knights.
Knights had to
be able to ride well, use weapons, and observe certain rules of warfare
be loyal to their lord, even if it meant death
defend the Christian faith, even if it meant death
help any person in need
act with courtesy toward women of rank

6. Courtly Love
Courtly love was an aspect of chivalry that encouraged nobles and knights to improve themselves by adoring a particular lady.
A knight seldom “adored” his own wife.
The adored lady remained pure and out of the knight’s reach—he served and entertained her and gave her gifts.

7. Women in the Middle Ages
Women had no political standing and depended on the men in their family for their rank.
Noblewomen
bore children and supervised the household and servants
managed the estate in their husbands’ absence
were under the command of their fathers, brothers, and husbands
Peasant women
bore many children, worked the fields, and kept house
were under the command of their fathers, brothers, and husbands

8. The Rise of England’s Cities
As England’s cities grew and more people began to live in towns or cities, the feudal system weakened.
City people were free of loyalties to a lord.
They could earn money in exchange for labor and services.
They could move to another city or town.
They could choose careers other than the military, the Church, or farming.

9. Society in the Cities
Society in cities and towns looked very different from feudalism. People were divided in classes based on wealth: lower, middle, and upper-middle.
Under feudalism:
Rank is received at birth and is hard to change.
Wealth is concentrated in noble families.
Art reflects the concerns of the noble class.
In cities and towns:
People can change rank by working hard and making more money.
Wealth is generated by the merchant class.
Art reflects the concerns of the middle class, who can now buy it.

10. The Roman Church in the Middle Ages
was extremely powerful and controlled most of the kings and queens in Europe
gave all European nations a common belief system
was the center of learning, publishing books and maintaining libraries
considered Latin to the language of the educated
British Library, London
Miniature of John Lydgate and the Canterbury pilgrims leaving Canterbury, from a volume of Lydgate’s poems (early 16th century). MS Royal 18 D II, fol. 148.

11. The Crusades (1095–1270)
The Crusades were a series of wars waged by European Christians against Turkish Muslims who controlled Jerusalem and places in the Middle East that were important to both religions.
At times the Europeans prevailed, but in the end the disputed land remained under Muslim control.
Crusaders brought back to England new knowledge of Eastern mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and crafts.
Crusaders also acquired a taste for Middle Eastern spices and flavors.

12. The Magna Carta
In 1215, nobles suffering under King John’s vicious reign forced him to sign the Magna Carta (“Great Charter”), which
curbed the king’s and the Church’s power over noblemen
later became the basis for English—and American— constitutional law
© Bettmann/CORBIS
Facsimile of the Magna Carta, signed by King John of England at Runnymede, laying the basis for political and personal liberty. Barons' coats of arms and royal seals surround the document.

13. The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453)
The Hundred Years’ War was the first national war waged by England against France. It
was fought on the Continent
was based on two English kings’ claims to the French throne
marked the end of the age of knights
Yeomen (small landowners) with longbows represented the English armies in France.
© clipart.com

14. Plague
The Black Death, or bubonic plague, struck England in The plague
was highly contagious and spread by fleas from infected rats
killed one third of England’s people, causing a labor shortage and giving the lower classes more bargaining power
contributed to the end of feudalism as serfs gained their freedom from lord and land

16. What Have You Learned? Match the cause to its effect.
The Crusades Magna Carta Plague
Magna Carta
The Crusades
Plague
_____________— A labor shortage gives serfs more bargaining power and eventually wins them their freedom.
_____________— The king and the Church no longer have uncurbed powers over noblemen.
_____________— The English gain new knowledge of Eastern mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and crafts.