1. Test 3 – Sample Questions Caution: This is NOT a review. You should still go back over the power points, the notes, the readings, and the proper chapters in the text.

2. Define Capsomere Capsid Naked Virus Enveloped Virus Spikes Host Range Prion Viroid Virusoid Downer Host Range Limited Host Range Viron Stage Infectious Stage Lytic Pathway Lysogenic Pathway Scrapi KURU Mad Cow Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

3. What does the word virus mean? What are the characteristics of viruses?

4. Possibly the first written record of a viral infection was in1400 BC. It was found in a Temple Priest named _________ and he shows signs of Paralytic Poliomyelitis

5. Pharaoh Ramses V died from? What is variolation? Where was it commonly practiced? What viral disease do we think Pharaoh Ramses V died from? What is variolation? Where was it commonly practiced?

6. Who created modern day vaccinations? Who isolated the first virus? What organism did that virus infect?

7. Who discovered viruses in animals? What disease was the virus causing? What animals can it infect? What are its effects?

8. What was the first viral disease proven to infect man? Who discovered this? Why was it so difficult to discover viruses?

9. What do we call viruses that can infect bacteria? Who discovered them? What are the easiest viruses to grow?

10. What viral disease is associated with Walter Reed? What future U.S. President was involved in invading Cuba with the Rough Riders?

11. How did the number of deaths from combat compare to the number of deaths from disease during early wars?

12. What is the incubation period of a disease? What is another name for Yellow Fever? Who discovered attenuated vaccines? What are attenuated vaccines?

13. What are the theories regarding where viruses originated? Where can we find viruses? Can they crystallize? Are they alive?

14. What nucleic acids are present in a virus? What composes the envelope on a virus? Viruses cannot carry out their life-sustaining functions or reproduce without a _____.

15. What is necessary for a virus to synthesize protein? Even within a host viruses can attach to and invade only those cells with the _______.

16. Explain the phases of the life cycle of a virus in order. How long does the process take? How many new viruses are produced during the process.

17. Which viral stage is dormant? Which is active? What are other names for the lysogenic pathway?

18. What is a prion? Name diseases caused by prions. Does cooking meat well done destroy prions? What nucleic acid is present in a prion?

19. What are the symptoms of scrapi? What animal is involved? What does BSE stand for? What animal is involved? What are the symptoms?

20. What is the human form of the disease? Have we ever had BSE in the USA? How does the US compare to other countries in checking beef for BSE?

21. There is a link between the use of _______ in food animals, the development of resistant microbes, and the zoonotic spread of pathogens to humans. What test do we use to check for BSE in live animals?

22. What is the case fatality rate for prion diseases? In what countries is Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease a problem?

23. What people are associated with KURU? Do to what practice? What is a viroid? What organisms do viroids infect?

24. What are virusoids? What do virusoids infect? Name some viral diseases. Name some oncongenic viruses.

25. Name some viral vaccines in general use. Name some diseases caused by viruses that have no vaccine.

26. What are the two ways of controlling microbial growth? How do physical methods and chemical methods differ?

27. Regarding level of resistance, what is the most difficult thing to destroy? What is the easiest?

28. Define Prevention Degerming Sanitize Stat Cide Sepsis Asepsis Sterilization Disinfection Commercial Sterilization Antisepsis Decimal Reduction Time (DRT) Pasteurization

29. Define Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation Thermal Death Point (TDP) Thermal Death Time (TDT) Plasmolysis Tincture Wet Disinfectant Phenol Coefficient Test Use Dilution Test Ultra High Temperature Sterilization HEPA Filter Desiccation Antibiotic Resistance Sensitivity Test

30. What are the degrees of sterizilation? Give examples of disinfectants. Give examples of antiseptics.

31. At what rate to bacteria die? The time to kill is proportion to the________. Why does organic matter interfere with our disinfecting and antiseptic techniques?

32. How do control agents kill? Be able to identify physical control agents and chemical control agents. How does moist heat kill? What bacteria will heat not work on?

33. How long do I need to boil something? Give examples of moist heat sterilization. Autoclaving. How long? At what temperature? At what pressure?

34. Give examples of dry heat sterilization. When or what do we incinerate? Can I put plastic in a dry heat oven? Why or Why not?

35. Who discovered Pasteurization? What things so we pasteurize? Is pasteurization sterilization? Why might ultra high heat sterilization be preferred over pasteurization?

36. When do we use filtration? Where do I find HEPA Filters? Are low temperatures bactericidal? How are low temperatures beneficial?

37. Give examples of desiccation. Does desiccation affect viruses and endospores? Even after salt/sugar curing meat we may still get some growth of _______.

38. How does radiation kill? What is its efficiency dependent on? What is the most lethal type of radiation? Unfortunately this radiation does not _______.

39. Why do we use gamma radiation? Does gamma radiation cause food to be radioactive? Give examples of ionizing radiation. How well does it penetrate?

40. Give examples of nonionizing radiation. How well does it penetrate? What is it harmful to? What nucleotide does it affect in the cell?

41. How do microwaves kill? Expect a matching section on chemical control methods.

42. What type bacteria is most affected by disinfectants? What is most resistant to disinfectants? What in the environment can effect the effectiveness of disinfectants?

43. Phenol and Phenolics are another name for _____. Give an example of a phenol/phenolic. They exert influence by _____. What are their benefits? What are their drawbacks?

44. Biguanides damage _____. Give an example of a biguanide. Classify chlorine and iodine. How does chlorine work? How does iodine work?

45. How do alcohols work? When do we use heavy metals? Name examples of heavy metals. How do surface active agents work?

46. Give examples of surface active agents. What are QUATS? What are them most effective on? Give examples of QUATS.

47. Name some chemical food preservatives that inhibit fungus. What do we add to meat? What does it restrict growth of? Why is this addition a problem?

48. Name some aldehydes. What is their benefit? What is their problem? How do they work?

49. Name some antibiotics we use to preserve cheese. Why is the use of antibiotics in food a concern? What are the super bugs?