1. Formation of Urine

3. 1. Glomerular Forced Filtration / Pressure Filtration
Recall,
The renal artery splits into numerous arterioles, each feeding a nephron.
The arteriole splits into numerous capillaries, which form a knot called a glomerulus. The glomerulus is enclosed by the Bowman’s capsule (or sometimes called the renal capsule)- the first part of the nephron.

4. 1. Glomerular Forced Filtration / Pressure Filtration
The blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus forces plasma out of the blood by forced ultrafiltration.
The pressure in the glomurulus is approx. 60 mm Hg and small molecules move from the glomerulus to the inside of Bowman’s capsule across the thin walls of each. Both the capillary walls and the capsule walls are formed from a single layer of flattened cells with gaps between them.
The molecules that are squeezed out of the blood form a filtrate in the renal capsule. Only blood cells and large plasma proteins remain in the blood.

5. Filterable Blood Components
Water
Nitrogenous Wastes
Nutrients
Ions (salts)
Nonfilterable Blood Components
Formed elements (blood cells and platelets)
Proteins

6. Comparison… Solutes found in the Glomerulus:
Water
Sodium chloride
Glucose
Amino acids
Hydrogen ions
Erythrocytes (blood cells)
Platelets
Solutes found in the Bowman’s capsule:
Water
Sodium chloride
Glucose
Amino acids
Hydrogen ions

7. **If the composition of urine had the same composition as the glomerular filtrate, the body would continually lose nutrients, water and salts.
RESULT?? Death would quickly follow from dehydration and starvation.
CONCLUSION: The fluid must be altered throughout its journey in the remaining tubule.

8. 2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule – Reabsorption
Responsible for a major part of the reabsorption of water and solutes in the glomerulus filtrate
The cells of this section are:
Cuboidal (cube shaped)
Lined with thousands of microvilli, which increase surface area for absorption
Contain many mitochondria that indicate they are biochemically active

9. 2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule – Reabsorption
NaCl and other solutes, such as glucose and amino acids are actively reabsorbed by the cells of the proximal tubule
Due to the movement of these molecules a hypertonic condition is created in comparison to the tubular fluid and therefore water follows these molecules.

10. 2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule – Reabsorption
Some urea is reabsorbed to the blood by diffusion. Urea is a small, uncharged molecule, so it can pass through membranes by lipid diffusion and there is not much the kidney can do about it. Since this is a passive process, urea diffuses down its concentration gradient until the concentrations of urea in the filtrate and blood are equal.
So in each pass through the kidneys half the urea is removed from the blood and half remains in the blood.

11. 2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule – Reabsorption
The water and solutes that are reabsorbed are taken up by the peritubular capillaries, therefore returning to the blood and out the kidney.
Over 80% of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the tissue fluid and then to the blood.

12. 3. Loop of Henle – Formation of a ‘Salt Bath’
The cells of the descending limb and the initial cells of the ascending limb are flat, with no microvilli and few mitochondria. (They are not specialized for transport)
Partway up the ascending limb, they become specialized for transport. (They are cuboidal with many mitochondria.)

13. 3. Loop of Henle – Formation of a ‘Salt Bath’
The job of the loop of Henle is to make the tissue fluid in the medulla hypertonic compared to the filtrate in the nephron.
The purpose of this "salt bath" is to reabsorb water as explained below (step 5). The loop of Henle does this by pumping sodium and chloride ions out of the filtrate into the tissue fluid.

14. 3. Loop of Henle – Formation of a ‘Salt Bath’
The first part of the loop (the descending limb) is impermeable to ions, but some water leaves by osmosis. This makes the filtrate more concentrated as it descends.

15. 3. Loop of Henle – Formation of a ‘Salt Bath’
The second part of the loop (the ascending limb) contains a Na+ and a Cl- pump, so these ions are actively transported out of the filtrate into the surrounding tissue fluid.
Water would follow by osmosis, but it can’t, because the ascending limb is impermeable to water. So the tissue fluid becomes more salty (hypertonic) and the filtrate becomes less salty (hypotonic).

16. 3. Loop of Henle – Formation of a ‘Salt Bath’
Since the filtrate is most concentrated at the base of the loop, the tissue fluid is also more concentrated at the base of the medulla, where it is three times more concentrated than seawater.

17. 4. Distal Convoluted tubule – Homeostasis and Secretion.
The distal convoluted tubule is relatively short and has a brush border (i.e. microvilli) with numerous membrane pumps for active transport.
Final Na+ reabsorption occurs and the process of water reabsorption explained next in step 5 also takes place to a degree in the distal convoluted tubule

18. 5. Collecting Duct – Concentration
As the collecting duct passes through the hypertonic salt bath in the medulla,
water leaves the filtrate by osmosis, concentrating the urine and conserving water.
The water leaves through special water channels in the cell membrane called aquaporins.

19. 5. Collecting Duct – Concentration
These aquaporin channels can be controlled by the hormone ADH, (antidiuretic hormone) so allowing the amount of water in the urine to be controlled.
More ADH opens the channels  more water is conserved in the body, and more concentrated urine is produced.
This is described in more detail in water homeostasis later.