1. P lanning a Z ero W aste C ommunity R ichard A nthony Richard Anthony Associates San Diego, California WWW.RichardAnthonyAssociates.com

2. Sustainability means Z ero W asting Population increases geometrically Pollution, food per capita industrial follow Resources Decrease Value of Recycled Resources increase “Limits to Growth” Meadows. Mend our ways or nature will force us

3. Instead of cradle to grave disposal, its cradle to cradle, a closed loop economy Black Hole

4. Three Principles of Zero Waste Planning Matter and energy are constants E=MC2 There is no “away” No such thing as a free lunch

5. Three Goals of Zero Waste Planning Zero Waste goals (efficiency) Create Jobs from Discards (Jobs) End Welfare for Wasting (level the playing field)

6. N ew M illennium R ules 6 “R’s” R educe (source reduction) R edesign R epair (fix) R euse (durable vs. single use i.e., cameras, napkins) R ecycle (everything else) R egulate

7. Type of Operation Jobs per 10,000 TPY Product Reuse Computer reuse296 Textile Reclamation85 Misc. Durable Reuse62 Wooden Pallet Repair28 Recycling-Based Manufacturers25 Paper Mills18 Glass Product Manufacturers26 Plastic Product Manufacturers93 Conventional Materials Recovery Facilities10 Composting4 Landfill and Incineration1 Source: Institute for Local Self-Reliance, Washington DC, 1997; “Wasting and Recycling in the United States 2000”; GrassRoots Recycling Network, Prepared by Brenda Platt and Neil Seldman Zero Waste planning includes places for new jobs and industries

8. This version of the chart ©1998 Daniel Knapp and Mary Lou Van Deventer. Excerpted from Total Recycling: Realistic Ways to Approach Ideal, in progress; to be published by the University of California Press. All Discards can be sorted into Twelve Categories

9. All 12 categories are feedstocks for Recycling and Composting Industries

10. Jobs and Revenue from Materials Sorted into the Twelve Categories Clean Dozen SM Master Categories JobsTonnes per Year Market Price £/T (est.) Total Value of Discards in Waveney (£) 1. Reuse406,000£222£ 1,340,986 2. Paper 520,000£28£ 560,000 3. Plant Trimmings212,000£6£6£72,000 4. Putrescibles420,000£11£220,000 5. Wood85,000£6£6£30,000 6. Ceramics26,000£8£8£48,000 7. Soils21,000£8£8£8,000 8. Metals49,000£28£252,000 9. Glass44,000£11£44,000 10. Polymers2110,000£42£420,000 11. Textiles103,000£11£33,000 12. Chemicals204,000£11£44,000 Total122100,000£ 3,071,986 * 365 days per year. Based on 100,000 metric tonnes per year of available resources.

11. Prepare a Z ero W aste S trategic P lan (Palo Alto Plan) MISSION Divert 75% of discarded materials from landfills or incinerators by 2010 and achieve Zero Waste, or close to it, by 2020. SUPPORTING OBJECTIVES 1.Design and manage products and processes to reduce the volume and toxicity of waste and materials, conserve and recover all resources, and not burn or bury them. Ask product designers and marketers to consider Zero Waste to be a critical design criterion. 2.Increase incentives for waste generators and service providers to design out waste and separate materials for their highest and best uses. 3.Develop programs and policies to address specific needs of each major sector in Palo Alto: manufacturers; retailers; restaurants; medical services; offices; and single-family and multi-family residential dwellings. 4.Increase reuse, recycling and composting collection and processing options and develop new markets that add value to materials recovered and minimize residues requiring disposal. Zero Waste systems should be particularly encouraged that provide the greatest economic development benefit for the region (e.g., jobs, increased tax base).

12. P alo A lto Z ero W aste S trategic P lan Continued SUPPORTING OBJECTIVES 5.Engage community-wide support to achieve Zero Waste through more interactive community participation, outreach and education programs. Encourage people to emulate sustainable natural cycles, where all discarded materials are resources for others to use. Coordinate outreach programs for sustainability and pollution prevention with Zero Waste, waste prevention and recycling programs, and use Zero Waste Business Principles as basis for their evaluation of business performance. (Obtain input and include recommendations from City staff and Zero Waste Task Force on other opportunities for local, countywide and regional education and outreach programs that would support Zero Waste messages.) 6.Minimize environmental impacts and City liabilities from wasting and ensure that the burdens and benefits of zero waste systems are equitably distributed. Eliminate all discharges to land, water or air that may be a threat to planetary, human, animal or plant health. 7.City lead by example to achieve Zero Waste goals for all facilities owned or leased by the City.

13. P alo A lto Z ero W aste S trategic P lan Continued KEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 STRATEGY 1:Determine how and where materials are discarded, and establish a monitoring and tracking database system to evaluate performance of diversion and source reduction programs by material type and sector. Identify the value of materials that are currently being landfilled, and the potential for additional recovery through expanded reuse, recycling and composting. STRATEGY 2:Ask local businesses to adopt Zero Waste goals, to develop Zero Waste plans, to adhere to Zero Waste Business principles, (1) to meet waste diversion targets, and to source separate designated materials that can be reused, recycled or composted. STRATEGY 3:Adopt policies and economic incentives to restructure the marketplace to encourage waste prevention, reuse, recycling & composting. Change Ordinances, contracts, franchises, permits, zoning, General Plans and garbage rate structures so that it is cheapest to stop discarding materials, and reusing, recycling or composting discarded materials is cheaper than landfilling or incineration. (1) http://www.grrn.org/zerowaste/business/

14. P alo A lto Z ero W aste S trategic P lan Continued KEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 STRATEGY 4:Develop programs and policies to address specific needs a)Residential discarded food (2) collection and composting b)Expanded institutional and commercial recycling; particularly for paper recycling and other services needed for top 4 waste generating sectors (Medical/Health Services; Restaurants; Other Retail Trade; and Business Services) c)Institutional and commercial discarded food collection and composting d)Expanded emphasis on deconstruction and support for adaptive reuse e)Expanded recovery, reuse and recycling of used building materials f)Expanded support for collection and drop-off of other reusable products g)Successful implementation of City’s new ordinance to encourage construction, remodeling, landclearing and demolition debris recycling. (2) Whenever referenced, also includes food contaminated paper (e.g., pizza boxes and frozen food containers) and assumes CIWMB hierarchy for food scrap management is followed, to (1) prevent food waste, (2) feed people, (3) convert to animal feed and/or rendering, and (4) compost (see http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/FoodWaste/).

15. P alo A lto Z ero W aste S trategic P lan Continued KEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 STRATEGY 5:Support existing reuse, recycling and composting businesses and nonprofit organizations and help them expand to the degree the operators of them want to do so, to minimize public investments required. Develop locally owned and independent infrastructure, on an open, competitive basis.(3) Develop local or regional resource recovery park(s) to provide locations for expansion of reuse, recycling and composting businesses. STRATEGY 6:Extend use of landfills (Palo Alto and Kirby Canyon) as long as possible, so don’t have to arrange for more capacity elsewhere. Minimize long-term landfill liabilities by ensuring that full capital and operating, closure and post-closure costs are factored into current rates and financial assurances. STRATEGY 7:Adopt Precautionary Principle and expand focus on purchasing environmentally preferable products. Help City’s Sustainable Purchasing Committee to expand the purchase of environmentally preferable products. Encourage or require all new private construction and major renovation projects in Palo Alto to follow the lead of the City’s Green Building policy and build only LEED- certified Green Buildings. (3) http://www.crra.com/irc/guide.html

16. P alo A lto Z ero W aste S trategic P lan Continued KEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 STRATEGY 8:Support state and federal policies to eliminate subsidies, internalize externalities for virgin material production and wasting, and involve producers in taking physical and/or financial responsibility for their products and packaging to reuse, repair or recycle them back into nature or the marketplace. Work with other local governments and businesses to build useful alliances and share successes. STRATEGY 9:Adopt Zero Waste as an economic development priority to make Palo Alto businesses more sustainable and globally competitive. STRATEGY 10:Fund community Zero Waste initiatives with fees levied on the transport, transfer and disposal of wastes and by leveraging the investments of the private sector. Structure fees and taxes in ways that provide additional incentives for designing out waste, reuse, recycling and composting.

17. P alo A lto Z ero W aste S trategic P lan Continued KEY STRATEGIES, Years 2005-10 STRATEGY 11:Develop Zero Waste Implementation Plan (ZWIP) after the City updates its detailed 1997 waste characterization study (scheduled for FY2005-2006), to detail proposed policies and programs, budget and cost implications, and timing of implementation. Identify City priorities for additional publicly financed facilities to support to be developed, including appropriate reuse, recycling and/or composting activities for Palo Alto Landfill site consistent with existing zoning once the landfill is closed. Recommendations must be environmentally sustainable, practically implementable, economically viable, and socially responsible. Do not implement local bans, mandates and required product stewardship policies until the adoption of the ZWIP and evaluation of progress over the course of the year after adoption of the City’s Zero Waste Policy. However, immediately support state and federal producer responsibility and advanced recycling charges for difficult to recycle or toxic materials. Evaluate implementation of new policies and programs and recommend how to continuously improve them after adoption of the ZWIP.

18. P alo A lto Z ero W aste S trategic P lan Continued KEY STRATEGIES with TACTICS Include appropriate tactics from “Menu of Policy Options” and program recommendations after agreeing on Mission, Objectives and Strategies (similar to those suggested in Draft 1 of the “Outline of Palo Alto ZW Action Plan”).

19. Perform a S ervice N eeds A ssessment The Service Needs Assessment will identify possible areas that would benefit from expanded services. Identify service needs by class and discard item. Item ProgramsFacilitiesNeeds 1.REUSABLE Appliances Small Appliances Durable Plastic Items Textiles Mattresses & Furniture Composite C & D Books & Catalogues Other Reusables and Repairables

20. S ervice N eeds A ssessment Continued Item ProgramsFacilitiesNeeds 2.PAPER Cardboard White Ledger Newsprint Magazines / Catalogs Other Office Paper Paperboard Other / Composite Paper 3.PLANT DEBRIS Leaves & Grass Prunings Branches & Stumps

21. S ervice N eeds A ssessment Continued Item ProgramsFacilitiesNeeds 4.PUTRESCIBLES Food Waste Fish and Meat Waste Sewage Sludge 5.WOOD Untreated Wood Treated Wood 6.CERAMICS Concrete Asphalt Paving 7.SOILS Gypsum Board Fines

22. S ervice N eeds A ssessment Continued Item ProgramsFacilitiesNeeds 8.METALS Auto Bodies Aluminum Cans Steel Cans Ferrous Metals Non-Ferrous 9.GLASS Clear Glass Containers Mixed Glass Containers Clear Glass Green Glass Mixed Glass Brown Glass Window Glass Other Glass

23. S ervice N eeds A ssessment Continued Item ProgramsFacilitiesNeeds 10.POLYMERS #1 PET (CRV) #2 HDPE Colored #2 HDPE Natural #1 PET Plastic #4 Plastic Bags Tires Other Plastics Asphalt Roofing Film Plastics

24. S ervice N eeds A ssessment Continued ItemProgramsFacilitiesNeeds 11.TEXTILES Poly Fibers Cotton and Wool 12.CHEMICALS Used Motor Oil Household Hazardous Waste Disposable Diapers / Feminine Hygiene Treated Medical Waste

25. S ource S eparation C ategories/ C lusters and D estination P oints TWELVE MASTER CATEGORIES of DISCARD MATERIAL CLUSTERSPROCESSING CENTERS Reusable Paper Vegetable Debris Putrescibles Wood Ceramics Soils Metals Glass Polymers Textiles Chemicals Paper and containers; Paper, Metals, Glass, Polymers Organics; Food, vegetative debris, food dirty paper, paper, plant debris, putrescibles, wood Discarded Items; Furniture, appliances, clothing, toys, tools, reusable goods, textiles Special Discards; Chemicals, construction and demolition materials, wood, ceramics, soils Recyclables; Papers, plastic, glass and metal containers Organics; Food, vegetable debris, and food paper, putrescibles, untreated wood and sheetrock Reuse & Repair; Reuse, repair, dismantling, reconditioning, remanufacturing, manufacturing and resale of furniture, large and small appliances, electronics, textiles, toys, tools, metal and ceramic plumbing, fixtures, lighting, lumber and other used building materials C and D; Rock, soils, concrete, asphalt, brick, land clearing debris, and mixed construction and demolition materials Regulated Materials Used motor oil, paint, pesticides, cleaners, and other chemicals

26. Cluster Capital (per year) ** O&M (per year) Annual Costs Landfilling Savings *** Sales (per year) Gate Fees (per year) Tonnes (per year) Benefits/ (Costs) per Tonne Reuse£30,511£479,649£510,160£439,362£1,340,986£2,6309,000£141 Recycling£38,833£210,725£249,558£657,969£351,673£552,59843,000£31 Regulated Materials £33,285£176,331£209,616£195,272£14,500£164,0004,000£41 Organics£131,671£249,052£380,723£1,806,266£275,911£352,62637,000£56 C&D£42,244£176,331£218,575£341,726£94,308£140,0007,000£51 Total£276,544£1,292,088£1,568,632£3,440,595£2,077,378£1,211,854100,000£52 * Note: These figures do not include the impacts of expected economic multipliers. **Amortization: 20 years for buildings and paving, 6 years for equipment and fixtures. *** £49 per tonne savings by avoiding landfilling costs. Benefits and Cost of a Zero Waste Centre by Cluster*

27. S ite P lan For R esource R ecovery P ark