1. Biomolecules Any molecule produced by a living organism
All biomolecules contain Carbon

2. Biomolecules
Large molecules in living cells are known as biomolecules --- “giant molecules”
biomolecules are made by joining smaller unites called MONOMERS together to for POLYMERS

3. The process of joining together monomers is known as POLYMERIZATION

4. 4 groups of biomolecules
1.) carbohydrates
2.) lipids
3.) nucleic acids
4.) proteins

5. Carbohydrates
Made up of carbons, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 1: 2: 1 ratio
Uses:
Main source of energy
Structural purposes
Monomers are known as MONOSACCHARIDES
- MONOSACCHARIDES join to form POLYSACCHARIDES

6. CARBOHYDRATES Sugars (fruits, pasta, bread)
Contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Used for energy
Types:
Monosaccharide
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

7. The monosaccharides for carbs are simple sugars
Ex: Glucose, galactose, fructose

8. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include:
Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

9. Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactose
Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6

10. Monosaccharides Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose & fructose
Galactose is called “milk sugar”

11. Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)

12. Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose (Grain sugar)
Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose

13. Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked together
Polymers of monosaccharide chains

14. Examples of Polysaccharides
Glucose Monomer
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

15. Lipids Made mostly from carbon and oxygen atoms Uses:
Ex. Fats, oils, waxes
Uses:
Store Energy
Important factor in cell membranes
Chemical messengers

16. Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs

17. Lipids contain two parts:
1.) glycerol heads
2.) fatty acid chain tails

18. Glycerol + fatty acid tail

19. There are two types of lipids
1.) Saturated contain only single bonds
Ex. Solid fat
2.) unsaturated contain double bonds
Ex. Liquid fat

20. Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

21. Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

22. Lipids Do NOT mix with water Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
Do NOT mix with water
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
FAT MOLECULE

23. Steroids
The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
Estrogen
Testosterone
Estrogen & testosterone are also steroids

24. Nucleic Acids
Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteins
Two types exist --- DNA & RNA

27. Bases Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

28. NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA & RNA
Made of nucleotides: sugar + a nitrogenous base a phosphate group
Contain C, H, O, N & P
Contain genetic information
Control the activities of cells

29. Proteins
Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

30. Protein
Macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monomers are called amino acids
Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

31. Uses: Control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
Form bones and muscles
Transport substance into or out of cells
Help to fight disease

32. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

33. Structure of Amino Acids
group
Carboxyl
group
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it:
R group
Amino group -NH3
Carboxyl group -COOH
Hydrogen -H
Side groups
Side group -R
Serine-hydrophillic
Leucine -hydrophobic

34. Proteins as Enzymes Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

35. Primary Protein Structure
The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Amino Acid

36. Protein Structures Hydrogen bond Pleated sheet Polypeptide
(single subunit)
Amino acid
(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(b) Secondary structure
(c) Tertiary structure
(d) Quaternary structure

37. Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

38. Changing Amino Acid Sequence
Substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease 2 1 3 6 4 5
(a) Normal red blood cell
Normal hemoglobin 2 1 3 6 4 5
(b) Sickled red blood cell
Sickle-cell hemoglobin