2. LITERACY IMPACT! Literacy Across the Curriculum: Maintaining the Momentum Geoff Barton September 9, 2015

3. LITERACY IMPACT! 1 Where are we (and where are you) with literacy? 2 Who are your key players and what do you need to do next? 3 Developing practical approaches … in Humanities subjects in Scientific subjects in tutor time in speaking & listening … and how will you measure IMPACT?

4. LITERACY IMPACT! The approach …

5. LITERACY IMPACT! SECTION 1: So where are we with whole- school literacy?

6. Reasonable but horrible questions … 1 - Name one child who has improved their reading or writing based on a literacy initiative at your school? 2 - If you have a literacy working party, how much money do their salaries represent? 3 - If I asked 3 of your staff what your whole-school policy said, what would they reply? 4 - What do your best teachers do to help students read, write, think and spell better? How do you know? 5 - If literacy is important, is it part of all lesson observations? Reviews? Performance management?

7. English Review 2000-05

8. October 2005: Key findings English is one of the best taught subjects in both primary and secondary schools.

9. October 2005: Key findings  Standards of writing have improved as a result of guidance from the national strategies  Some teachers give too little thought to ensuring that pupils fully consider the audience, purpose and content for their writing.

10. October 2005: Key findings  Schools do not always seem to understand the importance of pupils ’ talk in developing both reading and writing.  Myhill and Fisher: ‘ spoken language forms a constraint, a ceiling not only on the ability to comprehend but also on the ability to write, beyond which literacy cannot progress ’.  Too many teachers appear to have forgotten that speech ‘ supports and propels writing forward ’.  Pupils do not improve writing solely by doing more of it; good quality writing benefits from focused discussion that gives pupils a chance to talk through ideas before writing and to respond to friends ’ suggestions.

11. October 2005: Key findings  The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2003: although the reading skills of 10 year old pupils in England compared well with those of pupils in other countries, they read less frequently for pleasure and were less interested in reading than those elsewhere.  NFER 2003: children ’ s enjoyment of reading had declined significantly in recent years  A Nestl é /MORI report : ‘ underclass ’ of non-readers, plus cycles of non-reading ‘ where teenagers from families where parents are not readers will almost always be less likely to be enthusiastic readers themselves ’.

12. October 2005: Key findings The role of teaching assistants was described in the report as ‘ increasingly effective ’.

13. October 2005: Key findings Despite the Strategy, weaknesses remain, including:  the stalling of developments as senior management teams focus on other initiatives  lack of robust measures to evaluate the impact of developments across a range of subjects  a focus on writing at the expense of reading, speaking and listening.

14. Implications for you …? Writing: is there an understanding across any teams of how to develop writing - eg how to get better evaluations, better essays, better scientific writing? Reading: Who is teaching reading? Has reading for pleasure slipped from your radar? S&L: Does it happen systematically anywhere to develop thinking and to model writing? Leadership: Has your leadership team lost interest in literacy? How will you reignite interest?

15. LITERACY IMPACT! What’s the latest news?

16. LITERACY LATEST! The standard of writing has improved in recent years but still lags 20% behind reading at all key stages (eg around 60% of students get level 4 at KS2 in writing, compared to 80% in reading). Writing has improved as a result of the National Strategy. S&L has a big role in writing - it allows students to rehearse ideas and structures and builds confidence. But S&L has lower status because of assessment weightings. In teaching writing we tend to focus too much on end-products rather than process (eg frames). We should think more about composition - how ideas are found and framed, how choices are made, how to decide about the medium, how to draft and edit. We are still stuck with a narrow range of writing forms and need to emphasise creativity in non-fiction forms. We need to rediscover the excitement of writing. What we know about Writing … With thanks to Professor Richard Andrews, University of York

17. LITERACY LATEST! Who’s actually teaching writing in our school? Is there a shared understanding of what helps pupils to write? How can we teach composition? Which teams could have a particular impact if they developed a shared approach to writing? How is speaking & listening being used to help pupils to write? Is there a school or departmental approach to S&L? Where should we start? Some implications for us …

18. LITERACY LATEST! Aged 7: children in the top quartile have 7100 words; children in the lowest have around 3000. The main influence in parents. Using and explaining high-level words is a key to expanding vocabulary. A low vocabulary has a negative effect throughout schooling. Declining reading comprehension from 8 onwards is largely a result of low vocabulary. Vocabulary aged 6 accounts for 30% of reading variance aged 16. Catching up becomes very difficult. Children with low vocabularies would have to learn faster than their peers (4-5 roots words a day) to catch up within 5-6 years. Vocabulary is built via reading to children, getting children to read themselves, engaging in rich oral language, encouraging reading and talking at home In the classroom it involves: defining and explaining word meanings, arranging frequent encounters with new words in different contexts, creating a word-rich environment, addressing vocabulary learning explicitly, selecting appropriate words for systematic instruction/reinforcement, teaching word-learning strategies What we know about vocabulary … With thanks to DES Research Unit

19. LITERACY LATEST! Teach 10 words per week - by whom, when, where? Ensure key pupils are read to with vocabulary explanations Teach new words in a text prior to reading Encourage questions about word meanings Display key words and meanings Have a glossary in the planner See tutor time as a literacy kick-starter each day Some implications for us …

20. LITERACY LATEST! Characteristics: 2/3 boys. Generally well-behaved. Positive in outlook. “Invisible” to teachers. Keen to respond but unlikely to think first. Persevere with tasks, especially with tasks that are routine. Lack self-help strategies. Stoical, patient, resigned. Reading: they over-rely on a limited range of strategies and lack higher order reading skills Writing: struggle to combine different skills simultaneously. Don’t get much chance for oral rehearsal, guided writing, precise feedback S&L: don’t see it as a key tool in thinking and writing Targets: set low-level targets; overstate functional skills; infrequently review progress What we know about students who make slow progress … With thanks to DfES

21. LITERACY LATEST! How to get more S&L into their lives? How to get them thinking before answering? How to get better feedback? How to set more challenging targets? How to stop them from being invisible? Who should be their champions? Some implications for us …

22. LITERACY LATEST! Background: concerns from employers about GCSE. Key skills effective but not mainstream. Intention: students won’t be able to get A*-C without mastering level 2 functional elements. Could be standalone qualification. Won’t be solely multi- choice. Currently: being trialled. Watch this space. What we know about functional skills … With thanks to DfES

23. What we know about Literacy Across the Curriculum Good literacy skills are a key factor in raising standards across all subjects Language is the main medium we use for teaching, learning and developing thinking, so it is at the heart of teaching and learning Literacy is best taught as part of the subject, not as an add-on All teachers need to give explicit attention to the literacy needed in their subject.

24. Literacy skills are taught consistently and systematically across the curriculum Expectation of standards of accuracy and presentation are similar in all classrooms Teachers are equipped to deal with literacy issues in their subject both generically and specifically The same strategies are used across the school: the teaching sequence for writing; active reading strategies; planning speaking and listening for learning Teachers use the same terminology to describe language. Consistency in literacy is achieved when …

25. Senior managers are actively involved in the planning and monitoring Audits and action planning are rigorous Monitoring focuses on a range of approaches, e.g. classroom observation, work scrutiny as well as formal tests Time is given to training, its dissemination and embedding Schools work to identified priorities. Ofsted suggests literacy across the curriculum is good when …

26. KS3 IMPACT! What have been the successes in your own school? What do you need to do next?  Talking Point 

27. Literacy strategy: The next phase Self-evaluation: So where are you up to in your school? NO PROGRESS GOOD PROGRESS 035

28. Literacy strategy: The next phase Key playerProgress ratingPriority Head You SENCO Teachers Teaching assistants Governors Librarian Tutors

29. LITERACY IMPACT! SECTION 2: Working with the key players

30. Focus relentlessly on T&L “Schools are places where the pupils go to watch the teachers working” (John West-Burnham) “For many years, attendance at school has been required (for children and for teachers) while learning at school has been optional.” (Stoll, Fink & East) ‘Standards are raised ONLY by changes which are put into direct effect by teachers and pupils in classrooms’ Black and Wiliam, ‘Inside the Black Box’

31. Key players Strategy manager Working party Headteacher Governors Teaching assistants Subject leaders Students! Librarian Tutors

32. Key players Strategy manager Focus, tailor, customise See as professional development rather than delivery Differentiate training Emphasise monitoring more than initiatives Use pupil surveys for learning & teaching

33. Headteacher Must be actively involved as head TEACHER Eg monitoring books, breakfast with students, feedback to staff Must be seen in lessons Must be reined in to prioritise

34. Librarian Key part in improving literacy Include in training Part of curriculum meetings Library should embody good practice - eg key words, guidance on retrieving information, visual excitement Active training for students, breaking down subject barriers Get a library commitment from every team Then sample to monitor it

35. Governors Visit library, get in classrooms, talk to students Clearly signal the “literacy” focus Emphasise s/he’s discussing consistency Sample of students and feedback Part of faculty reviews on (say) how we teach writing

36. Working party Maintain or disband? Less doing and more evaluating - questionnaires, looking at handouts, working around rooms, talking to students Asking questions: “What do teachers here do that helps you to understand long texts better?” Work sampling Creating a critical mass

37. Students Tell us how we’re doing Build into school council Small groups work with faculty teams to guide and evaluate Audit rooms for key words, etc

38. Teaching Assistants Make them literacy experts Let them lead training Make their monitoring role explicit Publish their feedback

39. Subject leaders Help them to identify the 3 bits of literacy that will have the biggest impact Prioritise one per term or year Join their meetings at start and end of process Help them to keep it simple Provide models and sample texts Evaluate Build literacy into their team’s performance management

40. Tutors Reconceptualise tutor time as creating an ethos for learning / reviewing targets Think therefore how the environment of tutor groups could embody good practice - key words, glossaries, approaches to reading and spelling, connectives Reject silent reading and replace with literacy- based quizzes, etc Make the school planner a central document for literacy

41. LITERACY IMPACT! 1.Don’t call it literacy - call it good learning & teaching, or writing, or reading 2.Build it into lesson observation sheets 3.Build it into performance management 4.Keep it in the public eye 5.Emphasise increased student motivation 6.Talk to your Head about core skills for all teachers Your role …

42. LITERACY IMPACT! 7Show before & after models 8Don’t focus on grammar knowledge needed by staff 9Show it’s part of a whole-school strategy 10Celebrate every small-scale success 11Quote students’ feedback 12Be consultant, not doer

43. LITERACY IMPACT! SECTION 3: Practical approaches

44. Book sampling…

48. Literacy strategy: The next phase IMPACT!

49. LITERACY IMPACT! General teaching approaches to writing, handouts, vocabulary development Specific approaches in humanities / scientific teaching? Culturally - in S&L, tutor time, the physical environment What are the core literacy skills needed by teachers?

50. Essential literacy rooted in professional development An example …

51. LITERACY IMPACT! WRITING Teaching sequence Key conventions Connectives Sentence variety

52. LITERACY IMPACT! 1 Know the writing sequence: 1.Establish clear aims 2.Provide examples 3.Explore conventions of the text 4.Define the conventions 5.Demonstrate how it is written 6.Compose together 7.Scaffold first attempts 8.Independent writing 9.Draw out key learning

53. LITERACY IMPACT! 2 Know the dominant text-types for your subject: Purpose: What is its purpose? Who is it for? How will it be used? Text level: Layout? Structure? Sentence level: Prevailing tense? Active/passive? Sentence types and length? Word level: Specialist vocabulary?

54. LITERACY IMPACT! 3 Know your connectives Adding: and, also, as well as, moreover, too Cause & effect: because, so, therefore, thus, consequently Sequencing: next, then, first, finally, meanwhile, before, after Qualifying: however, although, unless, except, if, as long as, apart from, yet Emphasising: above all, in particular, especially, significantly, indeed, notably Illustrating: for example, such as, for instance, as revealed by, in the case of Comparing: equally, in the same way, similarly, likewise, as with, like Contrasting: whereas, instead of, alternatively, otherwise, unlike, on the other hand

55. LITERACY IMPACT! 4 Encourage sentence variety 1.Start with an -ing verb (Reaching 60 these days is..) 2.Start with an -ed verb (Frustrated by ….) 3.Start with an adverb (Well-done chicken leads to …) 4.Start with a preposition (Within the city limits you will …)

56. LITERACY IMPACT! 5 Students must see you writing

57. LITERACY IMPACT!

58. KS3 IMPACT! What have been the successes in your own school? What do you need to do next?  Talking Point 

59. LITERACY IMPACT! READING Subject-specific vocabulary Approaches to reading Active research process, not FOFO Using DARTs

60. LITERACY IMPACT! Subject-specific vocabulary: Identifying Playing with context Actively exploring Linking to spelling 6

61. LITERACY IMPACT! Approaches to reading: Scanning Skimming Continuous reading Close reading Research skills, not FOFO 7

62. LITERACY IMPACT! Using DARTs: Cloze Diagram completion Disordered text Prediction 8

63. LITERACY IMPACT! Speaking & listening Break tyranny of Q&A No hands up Thinking time Get teachers watching teachers who manage S&L well Reflective groupings Rehearsing responses Key words / connectives

64. KS3 IMPACT! What have been the successes in your own school? What do you need to do next?  Talking Point 

65. LITERACY IMPACT! Better Handouts

66. LITERACY IMPACT! Better Handouts Readability … Morphine, C17H19NO3, is the most abundant of opium ’ s 24 alkaloids, accounting for 9 to 14% of opium-extract by mass. Named after the Roman god of dreams, Morpheus, who also became the god of slumber, the drug morphine, appropriately enough, numbs pain, alters mood and induces sleep. Morphine and its related synthetic derivatives, known as opioids, are so far unbeatable at dulling chronic or so-called “ slow ” pain, but unfortunately they are all physically addictive. During the American Civil War, 400 000 soldiers became addicted to morphine. Morphine is a powerful sleeping drug. It is named after Morpheus, the Roman god of slumber and is famous for numbing pain, changing our moods and making people sleepy. With its related forms (known as opioids) it is unbeatable at dulling severe pain. However, it is also highly addictive and in the American Civil War 400 000 soldiers became addicted to it. Morphine is also known as C17H19NO3 and is made from an extract of opium (a seed in poppy plants). 1714

67. LITERACY IMPACT! Better Handouts Layout guidance …  Aim for: spacious presentation (as much white page as black text) use of typographical features: headlines and subheadings bold, italic, underline, different font styles and sizes (though not too many in a single document) boxes, shaded panels, vertical lines to add visual interest use of columns to make reading more efficient short paragraphs glossary of key words  Avoid: densely-packed writing cramped margins excessive use of upper case lettering poor reprographics lack of images / typographical features excessive use of colour (which can actually prove distracting)

68. LITERACY IMPACT! So what would you suggest …?

69. LITERACY IMPACT! 1 Mention big picture / purpose 2 Flag first task in advance 3 Highlight key words 4 Add more visuals

70. LITERACY IMPACT! 5 Use small-scale questions to build comprehension 6 Give guidance on the style and conventions of the writing task 7 Provide sentence starters / connectives 8 Give some indication of how the task will be assessed

71. LITERACY IMPACT! For teachers of humanities subjects … 1.Readability through questions, subheadings, layout 2.Use of connectives like later, despite this, although 3.Formality (eg essay style that avoids “I” and emotion)

72. LITERACY IMPACT! For teachers of Science subjects … 1.Demystifying complex vocabulary (making connections between words) 2.Modelling an impersonal style (including passive v active) 3.Teaching causal connectives

73. LITERACY IMPACT! A Culture for Literacy

74. LITERACY IMPACT! Creating a literacy culture … 1.Have core skills for all teachers 2.Have specific skills for specific teachers / TAs 3.Focus on library and tutor time 4.Have simple principles on speaking and listening - why it’s important; how it helps students to learn; what good teachers do 5.Build into school systems

75. LITERACY IMPACT! Final Thoughts 1.Small steps 2.You’re coordinator … not doer 3.Work with key players 4.Focus on impact and evaluate endlessly (involving students) 5.It’s all about learning and teaching, not literacy

76. LITERACY IMPACT! Literacy Across the Curriculum: Maintaining the Momentum Geoff Barton September 9, 2015