1. American History Part 2, Chapter 8 1980’s to present

2. The Typewriter In 1874, Remington & Sons manufactured the first commercial typewriter. Used the “QWERTY” keyboard, to minimize jamming of bars / hammers. The first electric typewriters were produced in the USA in 1902.

3. Computer Punch Card Punch Cards were used as late as the mid-1980’s.

4. Invention of the Personal Computer (PC) In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created a homemade computer board called Apple I. Working from Jobs’ parents’ garage, the two men began to manufacture and market the Apple I. Early in 1977, Jobs and Wozniak founded Apple Computer, Inc. In April of 1977, the Apple II – the world’s first personal computer – was introduced, retailing for $1290.

5. Apple 1 Personal Computer

6. The Personal Computer (PC) In 1981, IBM introduced its own microcomputer model, the IBM PC. Although it did not make use of the most recent computer technology, it used many standards. It proved that the personal computer industry was more than a fad. The PC started to be viewed as a necessary tool for the business community.

7. The Internet The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the world's first operational packet switching network (1969). It was the precursor to today’s Internet, and was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense. In 1975, the ARPANET was declared "operational”. ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995.

9. USA’s Relationship with Iran and Iraq 1951 – Iran’s oil industry was nationalized A British-owned oil company had controlled oil production in Iran for many years. Iranians considered the company exploitative and a vestige of British imperialism.

10. 1953 – Britain and the USA overthrew the democratically elected government of Iran. Coup d’état – a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government The Shah (a title meaning King) of Iran was put into power. He was an authoritarian monarch. The coup was widely believed to create anti- American feelings in Iran and the Middle East.

11. The Shah of Iran He had a strong policy of modernization, secularization, and recognition of Israel. The Shah stayed in power until 1979. He was overthrown by Islamic Revolutionaries. The Iranian monarchy was abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic Republic.

12. 1979 Energy Crisis In November 1978, a strike by 37,000 workers at Iran's nationalized oil refineries reduced production from 6 to 1.5 million barrels per day Foreign workers fled the country. Drivers in the USA began panic buying, and long lines appeared at gas stations. The price of gas increased sharply.

13. In 1980, following the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War, oil production in Iran nearly stopped, and Iraq's oil production was severely cut as well. After 1980, oil prices began a 20-year decline down to a 60 percent price drop in the 1990s. Oil exporters such as Mexico, Nigeria, and Venezuela expanded production.

14. The Iran Hostage Crisis Nov. 4, 1979 to Jan. 20, 1981 Islamic students/militants took over the American Embassy in Tehran 52 Americans were held hostage for 444 days

15. The end of the Iran Hostage Crisis On July 27, 1980, the former Shah died. In September 1980, Iraq invaded Iran. These two events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U.S. The hostages were formally released into United States custody on January 20, 1981, just minutes after the new American president Ronald Reagan was sworn into office.

16. Iran – Iraq War, 1980 to 1988 Iraq invaded Iran. Reasons: Border disputes Fear of Iranian revolution spreading to Iraq Shia sect majority in Iraq (suppressed by government), Sunni minority Iraq wanted to be the dominant country in the Middle East.

17. Iran – Iraq War, 1980 to 1988 About 500,000 people were killed. Mostly a conventional war. However, Iraq used some chemical weapons. The war ended with a U.N.–brokered ceasefire. The war settled nothing (e.g. no change in borders). The last prisoners of war were exchanged in 2003.

18. Iran – Iraq War, 1980 to 1988 The war with Iran almost bankrupted Iraq. Oil prices had collapsed. Iraq owed quite a bit of money to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.

19. Persian Gulf War (2 Aug 1990 to 28 Feb 1991) Operation Desert Storm (started 17 Jan 1991) U.N.–authorized coalition force from 34 countries, led by USA (73% of troops) Against Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait

20. Persian Gulf War (2 Aug 1990 to 28 Feb 1991) On November 29, 1990, the U.N. Security Council passed a resolution which gave Iraq until January 15, 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait. If Iraq didn’t withdraw, the coalition of nations could use force to get Iraq out of Kuwait.

21. Persian Gulf War (2 Aug 1990 to 28 Feb 1991) The coalition nations were concerned that Iraq would would also invade Saudi Arabia. Saddam Hussein had threatened Saudi Arabia after invading Kuwait, saying it was an illegitimate government supported by the USA. If Iraq were to control Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, it would control the majority of the world’s known oil reserves at that time.

22. Persian Gulf War (2 Aug 1990 to 28 Feb 1991) Iraq said that if they were invaded by U.S.–led forces, they would in turn invade Israel. Iraq shot 42 missiles into Israel over a 7–week period, hoping to draw Israel into the war. American troops were sent to Saudi Arabia in August 1990 to protect the country. Iraq also shot 47 missiles into Saudi Arabia (January 29, 1991), and invaded a Saudi city.

23. Persian Gulf War (2 Aug 1990 to 28 Feb 1991) On February 26, 1991, Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait, setting fire to 737 Kuwait oil fields as they were leaving. They surrounded the fields with land mines. On February 28, the President of the USA declared a ceasefire. Saddam Hussein was not removed from power.

24. For next week, please read Part 3 Culture, Ch. 1 – Education, pages 152 to 183