1. 10 th American History Unit VI – Looking Toward the Future Chapter 22 – A Conservative Era Section 3 – A New World Order

2. A New World Order The Main Idea In 1988 Reagan’s vice president, George H.W. Bush, won election to a term that saw dramatic changes in the world. Reading Focus What factors influenced the election of 1988? How did Soviet society become more open? What chain of events led to the collapse of the Soviet empire? What other global conflicts emerged near the end of the Cold War?

3. The Candidates in the Election of 1988 Major civil rights leader and a liberal candidate who ran for the Democratic Party’s nomination Won the most votes on Super Tuesday and had significant support from both white and black voters George H.W. Bush Wealthy, World War II pilot, congressman from Texas, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, head of the C.I.A., and vice president Republican nomination for president in 1988 JesseJackson Governor of Massachusetts who ended up winning the Democratic Party’s nomination Running mate was Texas senator Lloyd Bentsen MichaelDukakis

4. The Election of 1988 Low voter turnout (50.1 percent) Most attribute low turnout to negativity of the campaign. – Dukakis challenged Bush on the economy. – Bush called Dukakis soft on crime. Bush won with the promise of no new taxes.

5. Willie Horton and the Revolving door http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commerc ials/1988 http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commerc ials/1988 Willie Horton Revolving Door Furlough for the Truth Tank Ride The Bush Record- Noriega

6. How did Soviet society become more open? Glasnost Gorbachev announced a new era of glasnost, or “opening.” Lifted media censorship, allowing public criticism of the government Gorbachev held press interviews. Slowly Soviet citizens began to speak out. They complained about the price of food, of empty store shelves, and of their sons dying in Afghanistan. Perestroika Gorbachev began the process of perestroika, the “restructuring” of the corrupt government bureaucracy. Dismantled the Soviet central planning system and released Andrey Sakharov from exile Free elections took place in 1989. Withdrew from Afghanistan Visited with China to ease tensions between the nations Attempted to cover up the Chernobyl nuclear accident

7. The Collapse of the Soviet Empire The call for glasnost and perestroika awakened a spirit of nationalism in the subject nations of Eastern Europe. Gorbachev knew the USSR could not support the ailing Eastern European economies. He ordered a large troop pullback from the region and warned leaders to adopt reforms. Revolutions swept across Eastern Europe in the late 1980s.

9. Eastern Europe Crumbles Opened the border between Hungary and Austria in August 1989, and people streamed into the West Poland Solidarity forced the government to hold elections. Lech Walesa became Poland’s president in 1990. Hungary The nonviolent velvet revolution swept the Communists from power in November 1989. Playwright Vaclav Havel became president. Czechoslovakia Romania Violent revolution brought down Nicolae Ceausescu, one of the Soviet bloc’s cruelest dictators.

10. Events in Europe of 1989 which would led up to the end of the Cold War. Since the end of World War II the political structure of the world consisted of two major powers centered in NATO and the Warsaw Pact countries. For nearly 45 years the two major powers representing these groups, the United States and the Soviet Union, were engaged in a cold war. The end of communism in Eastern Europe brought about a new world order under which it was hoped there would be an atmosphere of international cooperation.  April 5, 1989- Poland- Solidarity (Trade Union) declared legal and Free Elections- Solidarity sweeps the elections- 1990 Lech Walesa elected President.  May 1989- Hungary- No fence between Hungary and Austria, East Germans slipped across border into Austria and Hungary.  November 9, 1989- Berlin Wall gates were opened, East Germans flooded to West and the wall began to come down.  November 24- December 28, 1989- "The Velvet Revolution" in Czechoslovakia- Alexander Dubcek elected chairman of the Parliament.  December 17, 1989- The Violent Revolution begins in Romania. Pres. Ceausescu orders troops to gun down demonstrators. 100's die.

11. Events in Europe of 1989 which would led up to the end of the Cold War.  December 21, 1989- Pres. Ceausescu calls for mass rally at Capital to support him. Crowd turned on the President, demonstrations got larger and troops joined the revolt.  December 25, 1989- While trying to escape, Pres. Ceausescu and his wife were caught tried and executed.  End of 1989- October 3, 1990- East and West Germany are reunified into one Germany. President Bush declares the Cold War to be over.  1985-1990- The Soviet Union is changing- Gorbachev's Perestroika (restructuring); Warsaw Pact dissolved; Soviet Union can't provide for its own needs- Food, Clothing are scarse; a move to a freer more democratic nation; Communists give up their monopoly in politics; Chaos on a grand scale; ethnic unrest led to the break up of the U.S.S.R.

12. Warsaw Pact Countries- Eastern Europe Hungary and Bulgaria- successful transition from communism Hungary and Bulgaria- successful transition from communism Romania- “Violent Revolution”- Pres. Ceausescu. Romania- “Violent Revolution”- Pres. Ceausescu. Czechoslovakia- “Velvet Revolution” Czechoslovakia- “Velvet Revolution” Yugoslavia-Collapsed. Ethnic rivalries caused brutal war among Muslims, Orthodox Serbs, and Roman Catholics. Ethnic Cleansing Yugoslavia-Collapsed. Ethnic rivalries caused brutal war among Muslims, Orthodox Serbs, and Roman Catholics. Ethnic Cleansing Baltic State- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Independent Baltic State- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Independent

13. Germany Oct. 1989- East Germany gets rid of its Communist government and opens the Berlin Wall. Oct. 1989- East Germany gets rid of its Communist government and opens the Berlin Wall. Berlin Wall torn down. Berlin Wall torn down. Oct. 3 1990- East and West Germany are reunited into one Germany. Oct. 3 1990- East and West Germany are reunited into one Germany.

14. Gorbachev and the Soviet Union March 1985- Gorbachev is General Secretary of Communist party. March 1985- Gorbachev is General Secretary of Communist party. Glasnost- “openness”, allowing criticism and freedom of the press Glasnost- “openness”, allowing criticism and freedom of the press Perestroika- “restructuring” of the Soviet society- less government control, introduced private enterprise and took steps for a democratic government. Perestroika- “restructuring” of the Soviet society- less government control, introduced private enterprise and took steps for a democratic government.

15. Soviet Union Declines Dec. 1991- 14 Russian Republics declare independence. Dec. 1991- 14 Russian Republics declare independence. Ethnic unrest across USSR- different national groups argue over borders. Ethnic unrest across USSR- different national groups argue over borders. Gorbachev resigns- not popular at home and the Soviet Union dissolves. Gorbachev resigns- not popular at home and the Soviet Union dissolves. CIS- Commonwealth of Independent States takes over- loose federation CIS- Commonwealth of Independent States takes over- loose federation Feb. 1992- Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia signs START II pact with U.S.A. Feb. 1992- Boris Yeltsin-President of Russia signs START II pact with U.S.A.

16. The Fall of the Berlin Wall The Berlin Wall remained a repressive symbol of Soviet communism. To calm rising protests in East Germany, the government opened the gates of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989. – Thousands of East Berliners poured into West Berlin. – Berliners pulled down the razor wire and spontaneously began ripping down the wall with axes and sledgehammers and their bare hands. Less than a year later, East Germany and West Germany were reunified as one country.

17. The Communist Superpower Collapses Russia’s Boris Yeltsin, the leader of the Russian Republic, helped foil a hard-liners’ coup against Gorbachev in 1991. Beginning in 1990, Soviet republics started declaring their independence. Gorbachev resigned as president and the Soviet Union dissolved. Yeltsin now led the much weaker superpower. Bush and Yeltsin signed arms treaties in 1991 and 1993.

18. Global Conflicts near the End of the Cold War China: Democracy Crushed Chinese students called on their Communist leaders to embrace reforms. Led huge pro-democracy demonstrations that filled Tiananmen Square. Tanks surrounded the protesters and opened fire. Hundreds of unarmed people were killed in the Tiananmen Square massacre. Bush announced an arms embargo. Panama: A Dictator Falls Colonel Manuel Noriega was a brutal dictator. The United States tried to indict him for drug smuggling. In 1989 Noriega declared a state of war with the United States. Noriega’s soldiers killed a U.S. marine Bush ordered an invasion of Panama. Troops arrested Noriega and took him to Florida.

19. Communism Continues in China 1980’s- Government loosens grip on business and eliminates some price controls. 1980’s- Government loosens grip on business and eliminates some price controls. Students in China demand freedom of speech and a greater voice in government. Students in China demand freedom of speech and a greater voice in government. Premier Deng Xiaoping cracks down on Tiananmen Square Demonstration- April 1989. Premier Deng Xiaoping cracks down on Tiananmen Square Demonstration- April 1989. A student leader said, “The government has won the battle here today. But they have lost the people’s hearts.” A student leader said, “The government has won the battle here today. But they have lost the people’s hearts.”

20. Tiananmen Square On May 13, 1989, several students began a hunger strike at Tiananmen Square in the afternoon and formal talks with the government began a day later but they quickly broke down. Among the demands of the students and workers were more democracy, less corruption, and accurate press coverage. Days later, after no conclusion was reached, the government prepared to declare martial law On June 3, 1989, troops received orders to reclaim Tiananmen Square at all costs. Due to a lack of witnesses, the exact number of people killed in this so- called "Tiananmen Square Massacre" is not known. Some say that it was as few as 500 and as many as 3000.

21. “Operation Just Cause”- Panama 1988- Federal Grand jury indicts Noreiga on drug trafficking charges. (International drug trafficking) 1988- Federal Grand jury indicts Noreiga on drug trafficking charges. (International drug trafficking) Manuel Noriega- commander of police and military forces in Panama, in charge of Panama. Stuffed the ballot box. Manuel Noriega- commander of police and military forces in Panama, in charge of Panama. Stuffed the ballot box. Dec. 20, 1989- President Bush sent in U.S. forces to topple Noriega. Dec. 20, 1989- President Bush sent in U.S. forces to topple Noriega. Noriega took refuge in Vatican embassy but finally surrenders. Noriega took refuge in Vatican embassy but finally surrenders. Convicted in Miami and sentenced to 40 years in prison. Convicted in Miami and sentenced to 40 years in prison. Many Latin American nations deplored this “Yankee Imperialism”, but many were please to be rid of the dictator. Many Latin American nations deplored this “Yankee Imperialism”, but many were please to be rid of the dictator. 1:16 min.

22. Other Bush-era Conflicts The Persian Gulf War Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990. The attack shocked the United States—who depended on the region’s oil—and other Arab nations. Reports of atrocities by Iraqi troops surfaced. The UN imposed sanctions but the deadline passed. ON January 16, 1991, the U.S.- led force attacked. Operation Desert Storm was a successful, conventional war. South Africa: New Freedom F.W. de Klerk sought a gradual, orderly lifting of apartheid. He released political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela. De Klerk and Mandela worked together to end apartheid. A new constitution was written. Nation’s first all-race elections were held in 1994. Mandela and his African National Congress won. De Klerk and Mandela won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

23. South Africa and Reagan Apartheid Apartheid – small white minority controlling and exploiting black majority. – “apart-hood” but really means racism. – World Isolated and ostracised South Africa – Economic sanctions by U.S. and pressure world – Bishop Desmond Tutu Apartheid ended- 1990 Apartheid ended- 1990 – Nelson Mandela freed from prison. – Becomes 1st black president.

24. Demonizing the Enemy: Saddam Hussein and Manuel Noriega- 5:09

25. “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq Patriot Missile Battery

26. “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq

27. In 1979 Saddam Hussein took control of Iraq, killing 21 of his cabinet members. In 1990 he invaded Kuwait and in less than 4 hours he had taken Kuwait and controlled 24% of the worlds oil supplies. It seemed as if his next target was Saudi Arabia. United States entered after a call for protection by Saudi Arabia. The United States set a deadline, January 15, 1991 for all Iraq forces to be out of Kuwait, but Saddam ignored the deadline. That triggered Desert Shield, or the build-up of troops in the region and eventually led to Desert Storm, a all-out attack to free Kuwait.

28. Early Days of the Persian Gulf Conflict [03:51]

29. Gulf War [04:01]

30. Desert Storm, Hyper war, and the Role of the Media [06:49]

31. “Operation Desert Shield”- Iraq Chronology: Important Events- 1990  On 25 July US Ambassador to Iraq, April Glaspie, tells Hussein that the Iraq/Kuwaiti dispute is an Arab matter, not one that affects the United Stat  Hussein invades Kuwait on August 2.  President Bush freezes Iraqi and Kuwaiti assets.  The United Nations calls on Hussein to withdraw.  Economic sanctions are authorized.  Iraq annexes Kuwait  The UN declares Iraq's annexation invalid  Military interdiction authorized by the UN.  UN Security Council authorizes force if Iraq doesn’t withdraw from Kuwait by midnight EST Jan. 15.  Congress votes to allow for US troops to be used in offensive operations.

32. “Operation Desert Storm”- Iraq Chronology: Important Events- 1991  The air war started Jan 17 at 2:38 a.m. (local time) or January 16 at 6:38PM EST due to an 8 hour time difference, with an Apache helicopter attack.  US warplanes attack Baghdad, Kuwait and other military targets in Iraq.  Iraq launches first SCUD Missile attack.  US forces in the Gulf exceed 500,000.  Feb 6, President Bush issues an ultimatum of Feb 23 for Iraqi troops to withdraw from Kuwait.  Feb 23, 1991 Ground war begins with Marines, Army and Arab forces moving into Iraq and Kuwait.  Feb 27, 1991 President Bush orders a cease fire effective at midnight Kuwaiti time.