2. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal1 From Education to Lifelong Learning: the Case of South Korea Gwang-Jo Kim World Bank

3. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal2 Outline  Education system  Education and economy  Achievements and problems  Education reform for lifelong learning  Conclusions

4. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal3 Country at a Glance (1)

5. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal4 Country at a Glance (2)  Area: 99.3 K Sq. Km  Population: 47.8 Million  GNI: US$ 477.0 Billion (per capita GNI US$10,013) (FY02)  GDP growth: 9.3% in 2000; 3% in 2001; 5.8% in 2002  Structure of the Economy (as % of GDP) - Agricultural: 4.4% - Agricultural: 4.4% - Industry/manufacturing: 41.4% - Industry/manufacturing: 41.4% - Services: 54.1% - Services: 54.1%  Unemployment: 3%

6. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal5 Education System  Socio-cultural context  Homogeneity of Korea Society: Prevalence of Egalitarian Ideal  Tradition of Confucianism: High Regard for Learning & Zeal for Education  High Premium for Prestigious Colleges  Formal Education  Primary (6)-Middle (3)-High Schools(3)-Universities & Colleges(4)  Primary & Secondary: 10,165 schools, 8M students, 341K teachers  Universities & Colleges: 358 institutions, 3.3M students, 60K FT teachers  Non-formal Education & Training  Public/private job training institutions; Private tutoring institutions, adult education centers; In-plant training institutions, etc.

7. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal6 Education Financing:Public Resources

8. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal7 Privatization of Education

9. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal8 Initial industrialization: 60’s~mid-70s Economy Take-off (‘60s) Heavy and chemical industries (’70s) Top 5 Exports:  ‘60: Iron, Tungsten, Silk, Anthracite, Cuttlefish(US$ 79)  ‘70: Textiles, Plywood, Wigs, Iron Ore, Electronics (US$ 249) Education Expansion and upgrading of primary & lower secondary ed. Emphasis on TVET (late 1960s) * manpower planning

10. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal9 Accelerated industrialization: mid-70s~80s Economy Adjustment from imitation to innovation: electronic industry Top 5 Exports:  1980: Textiles, Electronics, Iron & Steel Products, Footwear, Ships (US $ 1,598) Education Expansion/upgrading of upper secondary & tertiary education Strengthening of TVET: Vocational HS & Junior Colleges

11. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal10 Entering Knowledge Economy: ‘90s~ Economy Competitiveness, Knowledge-based Economy Top 5 Exports:  1990: Electronics, Textiles, Footwear, Iron & Steel Products, Ships (US$ 5,886)  2000: Semiconductor, Motor Cars, Computers, Ships, Petroleum Products (US $ 9,770) Education Quality enhancement for K-12 Public investment in higher ed. (Brain Korea 21*) Lifelong Learning

12. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal11 Achievements  GER as of 2001  Prim. (98%), Sec. (96%)  Tertiary (84%)  International assessment  ’89, ’89, ’96 TIMSS  2001 PISA  No skill mismatch until ‘90s  Contributed to industrialization & democratization 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0200040006000800010,000 GDP(Per Capita) AVG School Years '66 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 Age(20-29) Age>50 Population

13. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal12 Problems  School education obsessed with “college-entrance”  Rote memorization, lack of creativity, foreign language  Inordinate private cost of education (3% of GDP)  “Education exodus”: 4 th largest among int’l students in US  Soaring training costs for business firm (as of 2002): Hyundai Motor Co. (US$ 6 M), Samsung Electronics (US$ 6.4M)  Deficiency of the system for LLL& KE  Low participation of adult population in LLL  Skills gap – creativeness, foreign language, computer skills, etc.  Lack of incentives for both learners and providers

14. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal13 1997 Financial Crisis & Reform  Foreign liquidity risk and a massive IMF bailout package  Macro-economic stability programs and restructuring:  Reprivatization of banking sector and SOEs  Political and administrative reform  Improvement of social safety net  GDP growth: from 5.0 in 1997 to –6.7% in 1998  Massive lay-off, labor flexibility: increase in part-timers  unemployment rate: 8.4 % in 1999  Cutting teachers’ retirement age from 65 to 62 (30K teachers retired in 3 years)

15. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal14 Strategies for Lifelong Learning  Curriculum reform and VTET  Investment in e-learning  Governance reform  Redirecting resources

16. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal15 Curriculum Reform  Learner-oriented curriculum  Reduce subjects, common course up to 10 th grade  Diversify curriculum choice at 11 th and 12 th grades  Require ICT literacy as a basic competence  Transformation of out-dated VTET schools  Link to tertiary and labor market  “Specialized” high schools: design, graphic, ICT, cartoon, etc.

17. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal16 Investment in e-Learning  World’s most comprehensive Internet network (NY Times, May 5)  Initial investment by government (Info. Super Highway)  Lifting monopoly and competition  Incorporation of ICT in schools  All 10K schools linked to Internet by 2000 (EDUNET)  Curriculum mandate: 10% of classroom time  ICT skill competence as requirement for HS graduation

18. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal17 Governance Reform  Legal Foundation for LLL  Delivery of Curriculum Contents through Technology (’97)  Legislation of Lifelong Learning Act: Basis for Cyber Education  New recognition system: private qualification, Credit-Bank System  Deregulation and Evaluation  School Autonomy: from PTA to School Council  Stakeholder Participation: Teachers’ Union, Parents’ Association  Devolution: Curriculum, Learning Materials, etc.  Performance Evaluation of Local Education Authorities  Coordination between Ministries: Ministry of Education and HRD

19. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal18 Redirecting resources  Cost-sharing bet. Central & Local Government  Local Ed. Grant: Block (Formula) Grant to LEAs since 1991  Center vs Local Contributions: 25 to 75  Reorienting investment priorities  Improving ECD, prim. & sec. quality – class size reduction  Strategic investment in tertiary ed.: BK21 Project (IT, BT, etc.)  Participation from private sector  50% upper secondary, 80% tertiary  10 % of Total Investment in ICT in Education since 1996

20. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal19 LLL Strategies Then Now - regulation oriented - youth (high school graduates) - rote-learning - egalitarian financing - standards/process - no competition - incentives oriented - all, including unemployed - creativeness, self-directed - competitive funding - qualifications/outcomes - some competition

21. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal20 Some Results  Credit Bank System  6,773 obtained BA & Associate BA degrees in 2002 (34 in 1999)  15 cyber univ. (35K students) since 1997  3 Years accomplishment of BK21  SCI papers: 3,842 ( ’ 99) - 5,698( ’ 02)  International Patent: 145( ’ 99) - 174 ( ‘ 02)

22. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal21 Backlash  Top-down reform: “Reform fatigue”, sabotaging (teachers unions), interest grid-lock  “School failure”, persistent private tutoring, high-stake college entrance exam  Lack of policy coordination  Partnership between public and private sectors

23. 5/20/2003WEM 2003, Lisbon, Portugal22 Conclusions  End of state-led reform  Coherent LLL policy framework  Coordination, concerted approach  Incentive-driven system and participation