1. CRCT Review

2. Southwest Asia Map

3. Bodies of Water in the Middle East

4. Resources
Scarce
“not a lot of”
Abundant
“a lot of”
Water
Oil

5. Oil Production
How has an abundance of Oil and Organization of OPEC affected the economies of SW Asia (Middle East)?

6. How have deserts and rivers affected population and where people live?

7. Ethnic vs. Religious Ethnic Religious Persians Kurds Arabs Islam
Something you cannot change
Persians
Kurds
Arabs
Religious
Something you choose to practice
Islam
Christianity
Judaism

8. Middle Eastern Ethnic Groups
Persians
Iran
Afghanistan
75% Muslim
60% Shia Islamic mysticism
Kurds
Syria
Iraq
Iran
Turkey
The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims.
Some minorities include Christianity, Judaism, and Ba’hai.
Arabs
21 Middle Eastern countries
Saudi Arabia
Syria
Lebanon
Yemen
Jordan
Iraq
Qatar
90% of Arabs are Muslim.
The remaining10 % are Christian and Jewish.

9. Religious Groups of the Middle East

10. Islam Founded in Saudi Arabia Founded by Muhammad
Holy Cities are Mecca and Medina
5 Pillars of Islam
Monotheistic
Quran
Abrahamic
Muslims
Sunni
Shia/ Shiite

11. Sunni/ Shia Split

12. Judaism Oldest Religion in the Middle East Monotheistic Abrahamic
Anti-Semitism
Zionism
Israel (1948)
Torah (Old Testament)
10 Commandments

13. Christianity Offshoot of Judaism Founded in the Middle East Abrahamic
Monotheistic
Jesus= Son of God
Bible
10 Commandments
Minority in ME
Old and New Testament

14. Literacy Rate and Standard of Living
The % of people in a country (15+) who can read and write
Literacy Rate Standard of Living

15. DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

16. UNITARY
Unitary
Characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority.
Example: King or Dictator

17. CONFEDERATION Confederation
Voluntary association of independent states, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation
Example:
OPEC
CONFEDERATE STATES
OF AMERICA
(during civil war)

18. FEDERAL
Federal
Characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between on central and several regional authorities
Example: USA

19. CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT

20. AUTOCRATIC Autocratic
government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizens have little if any role in the government

21. OLIGARCHIC Oligarchic (oli-gar-kick)
Government by the few, sometimes in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has a very limited role.

22. DEMOCRATIC Democratic
A government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving free elections.

23. FORMS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Parliamentary

24. PARLIAMENTARY Parliamentary
A system of Government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of member of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to legislature. May have prime minister elected by the legislature

25. PRESIDENTIAL Presidential
A system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature

26. Middle Eastern Government
Distribution of Power
Citizens Role
Theocracy of Iran
Unitary
Oligarchic
Monarchy of Saudi Arabia
Autocratic
State of Israel
Democracy
Parliamentary

27. South & Eastern Asia Governments
Distribution of Power
Citizens Role
The Republic of India
Federal
Democracy
Parliamentary
Communist State of the People’s Republic of China
Unitary
Oligarchy
The Constitutional Monarchy of Japan

28. African Governments Distribution of Power Citizens Role
The Republic of Kenya
Federal
Democracy
Presidential
The Dictatorship of the Republic of Sudan
Unitary
Autocratic
Republic of South Africa
Parliamentary

29. Economic Questions What to produce How to produce For Whom to produce
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
China
India
Japan
North Korea
Israel
Turkey
Nigeria
What to produce
How to produce
For Whom to produce
Command
Free Market
When people decide
all three
When gov’t decides
all three

30. Trade
Specialization of Trade occurs when countries have different natural, human, and capital resources and different ways of combining these resources, they are not equally efficient at producing the goods and services that their residents demand.

31. Trade Restrictions Trade Barrier
government policy or regulation that restricts international trade. The barriers can take many forms, including the following terms that include many restrictions in international trade within multiple countries that import and export any items of trade.
Tariffs Quotas Embargos

32. QUOTAS
A type of trade barrier that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time.

33. EMBARGO
EMBARG----NO
Restriction of trade with a specified country…

34. TARIFFS
A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations. For political reasons, tariffs are usually imposed on imported goods, although they may also be imposed on exported goods.

35. Human Capital Human Capital
Amount of money a person is capable of making

36. Think about it…
If Sudan wanted to increase it’s GDP by increasing Human Capital what could the country do????
Invest money into _____________ and _____________

37. Capital
Capital
assets available for use in the production of further assets

38. Think about it…
If Sudan wanted to increase it’s GDP by increasing Capital what could the country do????
Invest money into _____________ and _____________

39. Establishment of Israel
WWII
Jews were persecuted during the Holocaust in Germany
Anti-Semitism
Prejudice against or hostility towards Jews
United Nations voted to divide Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab;
as accepted by Zionist leaders but rejected by Arab leaders.
Creation of Israel has led to continuing religious wars

40. 1299
The Ottoman Empire begins in modern-day Turkey

41. 1451
The Ottomans rule a majority of the cities in the Middle East and Europe.

42. 1453
The Ottomans establish the capital of Constantinople in present-day Turkey.

43. 1500
The Ottomans gain control of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, and major trade routes.

44. 1520
Ottomans capture Mecca and Medina.

45. 1800s
The Ottoman Empire begins to decline and is known as the “sick man of Europe”.

46. 1914
WWI begins.

47. 1918
The Ottoman Empire ends.

48. 1920 Europe divides up the Ottoman Empire.
Naaaah, they will just get along perfectly, I think.
Europe divides up the Ottoman Empire.
The division is part of the Treaty of Sevres.
Should we divide these into countries based on ethnic groups?
You’re going down Sunni!!
No, you’re going down Shia!!

49. Dividing Up the Ottoman Empire
Europe paid little attention to ethnic, religious, and tribal lines when they drew the Middle East.
The people of the Middle East were grouped together based on the ideas of the Europeans instead of what the people of the Middle East wanted.

50. The Middle East Today

51. 2 Heads Are Better than One
Why do you think the Europeans divided the Middle East?
The Europeans were interested in a newly discovered resource, oil, and wanted to expand their colonies.
How do these political borders affect the Middle East today?
The political borders cut across ethnic lines and mix together groups, creating conflict.

52. A Re-imagined Middle East

53. 1923
Turkey emerges from the remains of the Ottoman Empire.

54. USA Foreign Involvement
Persian Gulf War
Fear of Iraq having too much control over oil after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990
Terrorism
USA in Afghanistan and Iraq in response to 9/11; attempting establishing democracy

55. South and East Asian Countries

56. South and East Asian Bodies of Water

57. Landforms of South and East Asia

58. Religions of South and East Asia
Buddhism
Founded in India
Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha=enlightened one
Hinduism
Sacred River is Ganges
Most prominent religion in India
Shintoism
Native to Japan
Confucianism
Philosophy of respecting your elders

59. Nationalism in South and Eastern Asia
India
Mohandas Gandhi
Non-Violent Protests
Boycotted British for independence
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
Violent Wars
Fought French for independence

60. US Role in Rebuilding Japan after WWII
US provided financial aid to help rebuild Japan’s economy after the dropping of the A Bombs

61. Communism in China Mao Zedong Established the Communist State of China
Great Leap Forward
Resulted in economic hardship, was meant to keep up with the west
Cultural Revolution
Red Guards destroyed all of “old China” and anything that promoted knowledge other than that of the “new China”
Tiananmen Square
Educated College Students protested communism and they were brutally put down, but opened the eyes to those who followed Mao, that there are successful economies and governments that allow for freedom and choice
Ironically the same place where the Communist state of China was declared by Mao Zedong

62. Reasons for Foreign Involvement
Vietnam War
US became involved in attempt contain communism from spreading.
Red Scare
Ultimately the Communist North defeated US and South Democratic Vietnam
Korean War
Ultimately the war was declared a stalemate and North Korea and South Korea are still 2 separate countries.
North Korea -> Communist
South Korea -> Democratic

63. African Countries

64. African Landforms/Regions

65. African Rivers/Bodies of Water

66. African Ethnic Groups Bantu Ashanti Swahili Arab Southern Africa
Most practice Traditional Religions
Ashanti
Western Africa
Traditional, Christianity, and Islam is practiced
Swahili
Eastern Africa
Islam and Traditional
Arab
Northern Africa
Most practice Islam and Christianity

67. Polluted Water: Unfit to Drink
Water Pollution is a problem in African Countries.
Pesticides, fertilizers, human waste
Mining and manufacturing byproducts

68. Deforestation
Nearly 90% of the coastal rainforests in West Africa have been cut down since 1990s
Result: Deforestation
When trees are gone, nothing can hold soil in place.
Wind blows, rain pours, and remaining soil is eroded.
Nutrients washed away, sun bakes exposed soil
Leaving farmland unusable

69. Desertification Causes of Desertification - poor farming practices
Desertification: Process in which a desert
spreads and the soil loses its ability to hold water.
Causes of Desertification
- poor farming practices
- land clearing
-overgrazing of livestock
-draining of water for industrial or home use

70. Effects of Natural Resources in Africa
Gold, Uranium, and Diamonds
South Africa
Increases trade, mining, and foreign interest in the Country
Oil
Nigeria
Government has focused attention to oil, and other sectors of the economy have suffered

71. European Imperialism in Africa
Artificial Boundaries set up by European Countries led to…
civil wars between tribes in Africa

72. Nationalism to Independence
South Africa
Fully independent from British in 1990 with abolishment of Apartheid
Kenya
Achieved Independence from British through Violent wars led by the Mau Mau
Nigeria
Non-Violently achieved independence from British through formation of political parties

73. Apartheid
Creation of apartheid denied black south Africans civil rights
President FW de Klerk
Protested apartheid
ended Apartheid in 1990
Released Nelson Mandela from Jail in 1990
Served at Nelson Mandela’s Vice president
Nelson Mandela
Imprisoned for protesting apartheid
Released from prison in 1990
First democratically elected black president of South Africa
Elected in 1994