1. Chapter 16

2. OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

3. Primary Product Raw materials.

4. Secondary Product goods manufactured from primary products.

5. Petrochemical made from crude oil and natural gas.

6. Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.

7. Ramadan when Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset.

8. Mustafa Kemal Ruler of Turkey after WWI.

9. Grand National Assembly Turkey’s Legislature

10. Ataturk Father of the Turks, the name given to Kemal.

11. Tansu Ciller A Turkish woman who was prime minister of Turkey during the 1990’s.

12. Mandate A country placed under the control of another power by international agreement.

13. Palestine An Arab region often called the Holy Land.

14. Arab-Israeli Wars A series of wars between 1948 and 1973 that were fought between Israel and the Arab countries of Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Jordan, and Lebanon.

15. Kurds A group of mountain people who live in Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.

16. Persian Gulf War A war in 1991 between the United States and Iraq.

17. Zionism A movement that encouraged Jews to return to Palestine, the Jewish homeland, which many Jews call Zion.

18. Kibbutz A Jewish farming village in Palestine whose members own everything in common.

19. Law of Return A law enacted in 1950 in Israel granting permission to Jews anywhere in the world to immigrate to Israel and become citizens.

20. Orthodox Jews Jews who strictly follow Jewish law.

21. Rosh Hashanah The Jewish New Year

22. Yom Kippur The Day of Atonement for Jews.

23. Secular Not specifically relating to religion.