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Chapter 4 Sections 2-5 Human Geography
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Demographics Birthrate Number of live births per thousand population
What counts as a live birth?
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Demographics Fertility Rate
The average number of children a child-bearing woman would have in her lifetime at the current rate for her country A fertility rate of 2.1 is necessary for replacement population South Korea is 1.24
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Demographics Mortality Rate The number of deaths per thousand people
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Demographics Infant Mortality Rate
Number of deaths of infants under age one per thousand live births Often used to measure health and well-being of a nation In US, black rate is twice that of whites Why does US rank at #32 in the world?
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Demographics Rate of Natural Increase
Rate at which a population is growing Birthrate minus death rate = rate of natural increase
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Demographics Population Pyramid
Graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a population
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Demographics Demographic Transition
Populations change as countries go from pre-industrial to industrialized economies When countries are fully industrialized, populations shrink
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Population Distribution
Habitable Lands 2/3 of world’s population lives between 20’ North and 60’ North latitude Urban-Rural Mix More than half of world’s population lives in rural areas but cities growing
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Population Distribution
Migration Movement of population from one location to another Push Factor Pull Factor
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Population Distribution
Population Density Average number of people who live in a measurable area (square mile) Carry Capacity The number of organisms a piece of land can support
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Political Geography State – an independent unit that occupies a specific territory and has full control over its internal and external affairs (often called a country)
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Political Geography Types of Government
Democracy – citizens hold political power directly or through elected representatives Monarchy – Rule by a king or queen who may or may not share power (limited or constitutional monarchy)
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Political Geography Dictatorship – an individual or group holds complete political power Communism – a government and economic system where nearly all power and means of production are held by the government in the name of the people
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Geographic Characteristics
Size – does not always determine power Shape Compact Elongated Fragmented Protruded Perforated Location, location, location! Landlocked versus access to sea
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Geographic Characteristics
Boundaries Natural – a boundary based on a physical feature such as rivers or mountain chains Artificial – a line based on a latitude or longitude line Sometimes artificial boundaries divide groups of people
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Urban Geography Cities – centers of business and culture
Suburbs – political units touching the borders of the central city Exurbs – smaller cities/towns with open land between them and large cities
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Urban Geography Metropolitan Area – a functional area formed by a city, its suburbs, and exurbs Megalopolis – formed when several metropolitan areas grow together
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Urban Geography Urbanization – the dramatic rise in the number of cities and the changes in lifestyle that result Why do cities grow where they do?
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Urban Geography Land Use Patterns (aka Zoning)
Residential - includes single-family homes and apartment buildings Industrial – areas reserved for manufacturing goods Commercial – used for private businesses and the buying/selling of retail products
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Urban Geography Central Business District (CBD) Core of the city
Contains businesses, stores, and sometimes high-end housing Land is very expensive causing high buildings
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Economic Geography Economy
The production and exchange of goods and services among a group of people Economies operate on a local, regional, national, or international level
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Economic Geography Economic Systems
Traditional Economy – goods and services are traded w/out exchanging money (barter) Command Economy – production of goods and services is determined by a central government which usually owns the means of production. Production does not necessarily reflect consumer demand. Aka a planned economy
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Economic Geography Market Economy – production of goods and services is determined by the demand of consumers. Aka a demand economy or capitalism Mixed Economy – a combination of command and market economies provides goods and services so that all people will benefit
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Economic Geography Levels of Economic Activity
Primary – gathering raw materials for immediate use or use in the making of a final product Secondary – adding value to materials by changing their form such as manufacturing cars
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Economic Geography Tertiary – providing business or professional services such as salespeople, teachers, doctors, etc Quaternary – information, management, and research services by highly-trained individuals
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Economic Geography Natural Resources
Renewable – can be replaced through natural processes (trees, etc) Non-Renewable – cannot be replaced once they have been removed from ground (metals, oil, etc) Inexhaustible – used for producing power; result of solar/planetary processes
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Economic Geography Infrastructure – basic support systems needed to keep an economy going including power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation, and education systems
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Economic Geography Measuring Economic Development
Per Capita Income – average amount of money earned by each person Gross National Product (GNP) – total value of all goods and services produced by a country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – …produced within a country
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