1. Wolsong NPP II KHNP JASON SHIN Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power co.

2. Wolsong NPP II KHNP CANDU reactors CANDU : Canada Deuterium Uranium CANDU : Canada Deuterium Uranium (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) Heavy water(D2O) coolant Heavy water(D2O) coolant Heavy water moderator Heavy water moderator Natural uranium fuels Natural uranium fuels

3. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Two systems containing heavy water Primary Heat Transport System(PHT system) Primary Heat Transport System(PHT system) Coolant : 190 ton Coolant : 190 ton High temperature : 266 ~ 310 o C High temperature : 266 ~ 310 o C High pressure : 100 bar High pressure : 100 bar Tritium concentration : ~ 2 Ci/kg Tritium concentration : ~ 2 Ci/kg Usual leakage rate : ~ 10 kg/day Usual leakage rate : ~ 10 kg/day (Wolsong Unit 3 & 4) (Wolsong Unit 3 & 4)

4. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Moderator System(MOD system) Moderator System(MOD system) Moderator : 260 ton Moderator : 260 ton Low temperature : 46 ~ 69 o C Low temperature : 46 ~ 69 o C Low pressure : 0.2 bar Low pressure : 0.2 bar Tritium concentration : ~ 40 Ci/kg Tritium concentration : ~ 40 Ci/kg Usual leakage rate : ~ 1 kg/day Usual leakage rate : ~ 1 kg/day (Wolsong Unit 3 & 4) (Wolsong Unit 3 & 4) Two systems containing heavy water

5. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Features of a PHWR High tritium concentrations in coolant or moderator High tritium concentrations in coolant or moderator Inevitable leakage of coolant and moderator (not only at a PHWR) Inevitable leakage of coolant and moderator (not only at a PHWR) High tritium concentration in air of reactor building High tritium concentration in air of reactor building High concern about internal dose by tritium High concern about internal dose by tritium

6. Wolsong NPP II KHNP What happens during sudden heavy water leakage? Tritium concentration in air soars high Tritium concentration in air soars high Amount of tritium release increases Amount of tritium release increases Amount of heavy water recovery increases Amount of heavy water recovery increases Wide survey for leakage is needed Wide survey for leakage is needed Internal dose of workers increase Internal dose of workers increase

7. Wolsong NPP II KHNP If we know which system heavy water leaks from... Survey time will shorten Survey time will shorten We can reduce We can reduce Heavy water leakage Heavy water leakage Tritium release Tritium release Internal dose of workers Internal dose of workers

8. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Tritium & heavy water in air Heavy water : X+Y Tritium : AX+BY PHT heavy water : X PHT tritium : AX MOD heavy water : Y MOD tritium : BY PHT systemMOD system

9. Wolsong NPP II KHNP System Equation for X & Y Equations for PHT & MOD heavy water Equations for PHT & MOD heavy water AX + BY = T AX + BY = T X + Y = H X + Y = H X = (T - BH) / (A - B) X = (T - BH) / (A - B) Y = (T - AH) / (B - A) Y = (T - AH) / (B - A) where A is tritium concentration in PHT heavy water (known) where A is tritium concentration in PHT heavy water (known) B is tritium concentration in MOD heavy water (known) B is tritium concentration in MOD heavy water (known) T is tritium in the sample (measured) T is tritium in the sample (measured) H is heavy water in the sample (measured) H is heavy water in the sample (measured) X is PHT heavy water in the sample (unknown) X is PHT heavy water in the sample (unknown) Y is MOD heavy water in the sample (unknown) Y is MOD heavy water in the sample (unknown)

10. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Contribution to the leakage X & Y show how much PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water exist in the sample X & Y show how much PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water exist in the sample These are found by comparing the ratio of tritium (T) to heavy water (H) with the the ratios of tritium to PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water (A & B) These are found by comparing the ratio of tritium (T) to heavy water (H) with the the ratios of tritium to PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water (A & B) B is much bigger than A B is much bigger than A If T/H is very close to A, most of heavy water and tritium must come from PHT system If T/H is very close to A, most of heavy water and tritium must come from PHT system If T/H is a little close to A, most of heavy water comes from PHT system but most of tritium comes from MOD system If T/H is a little close to A, most of heavy water comes from PHT system but most of tritium comes from MOD system

11. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) Tritium concentration in air in the reactor building suddenly rose Tritium concentration in air in the reactor building suddenly rose

12. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) Water vapor sampling from the air in the reactor building using gas washing bottle Water vapor sampling from the air in the reactor building using gas washing bottle Tritium in 1g (T) = 25.9 kBq Tritium in 1g (T) = 25.9 kBq Heavy water in 1g (H) = 26.4 mg Heavy water in 1g (H) = 26.4 mg Heavy water compensated for Heavy water compensated for natural deuterium in 1g (H) = 9.7 mg natural deuterium in 1g (H) = 9.7 mg ※ Tritium concentration in PHT (A) = 1.714 Ci/kg Tritium concentration in MOD (B) = 37.92 Ci/kg Tritium concentration in MOD (B) = 37.92 Ci/kg Sampling & analysis

13. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Calculation result 85% of leaked heavy water was from PHT system, 85% of leaked heavy water was from PHT system, and 15% from MOD system and 15% from MOD system 20% of tritium in air was from PHT system, 20% of tritium in air was from PHT system, and 80% from MOD system and 80% from MOD system ※ Ordinarily, more than 90% of tritium in air had been from PHT system been from PHT system Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008)

14. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Follow-up actions Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) An intensive survey on MOD system An intensive survey on MOD system Finding out the leakage point at a junction near a pressure instrument of the MOD system Finding out the leakage point at a junction near a pressure instrument of the MOD system Delay Tank Callandria To MOD Purification System Pump

15. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Follow-up actions Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 1 (Unit 3, Dec. 2008) The tritium concentration in air in the reactor building decreased after repair The tritium concentration in air in the reactor building decreased after repair

16. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Tritium concentration in air in the reactor building jumped Tritium concentration in air in the reactor building jumped

17. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Water vapor sampling from the air in the reactor building using gas washing bottle Water vapor sampling from the air in the reactor building using gas washing bottle Tritium in 1g (T) = 50.3 kBq Tritium in 1g (T) = 50.3 kBq Heavy water compensated for Heavy water compensated for natural deuterium in 1g (H) = 93.0 mg natural deuterium in 1g (H) = 93.0 mg ※ Tritium concentration in PHT (A) = 1.513 Ci/kg Tritium concentration in MOD (B) = 36.99 Ci/kg Tritium concentration in MOD (B) = 36.99 Ci/kg Sampling & analysis Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009)

18. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Calculation result 100.14% of leaked heavy water was from PHT system, 100.14% of leaked heavy water was from PHT system, and -0.14% from MOD system and -0.14% from MOD system 103.7% of tritium in air was from PHT system, 103.7% of tritium in air was from PHT system, and -3.7% from MOD system and -3.7% from MOD system ※ This irrational result was thought as due to an experimental error but such results were repeated experimental error but such results were repeated in more samples in more samples Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009)

19. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Further Investigation The ratio of tritium to heavy water in the water vapor sample The ratio of tritium to heavy water in the water vapor sample was supposed to be between the tritium concentrations in the PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water, that is, between 1.513 Ci/kg and 36.99 Ci/kg was supposed to be between the tritium concentrations in the PHT heavy water and MOD heavy water, that is, between 1.513 Ci/kg and 36.99 Ci/kg but, was measured as 1.46 Ci/kg. but, was measured as 1.46 Ci/kg. We started to think about the possibility of leaking of another heavy water which has lower tritium concentration. We started to think about the possibility of leaking of another heavy water which has lower tritium concentration. Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009)

20. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Further Investigation Stagnant heavy water in the PHT system Stagnant heavy water in the PHT system isolated for a long time from circulating coolant isolated for a long time from circulating coolant had a little less tritium concentration than main PHT heavy water had a little less tritium concentration than main PHT heavy water like one in Coolant Storage Tank and more like one in Coolant Storage Tank and more Tritium concentration of heavy water in Coolant Storage Tank was measured as 1.40 Ci/kg Tritium concentration of heavy water in Coolant Storage Tank was measured as 1.40 Ci/kg This result could explain the ratio of tritium to heavy water in the water vapor sample from the reactor building, 1.46 Ci/kg This result could explain the ratio of tritium to heavy water in the water vapor sample from the reactor building, 1.46 Ci/kg Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009)

21. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Follow-up actions A careful survey on isolated systems A careful survey on isolated systems Finding out the leakage point on Degas Condenser Tank, a semi-isolated system Finding out the leakage point on Degas Condenser Tank, a semi-isolated system Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009) Heavy Water Storage Tank Degas Condenser Tank Pressurizer Main PHT System

22. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Follow-up actions The tritium concentration in air in the reactor building decreased after repair The tritium concentration in air in the reactor building decreased after repair Wolsong Power Plant II’s experience 2 (Unit 4, Apr. 2009)

23. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Conclusions You can discriminate which system heavy water leaks from, the PHT system or the MOD system. You can discriminate which system heavy water leaks from, the PHT system or the MOD system. You can also know how much one of these systems contributes the heavy water leakage or the increased tritium concentration in air in the reactor building. You can also know how much one of these systems contributes the heavy water leakage or the increased tritium concentration in air in the reactor building. Using this information, you can locate the leakage point more quickly. Using this information, you can locate the leakage point more quickly. If it works, you can reduce the inner dose of the workers. If it works, you can reduce the inner dose of the workers.

24. Wolsong NPP II KHNP Thanks for your attention. Do you have any questions?