1. Vadose Zone & Autosamplers

2. Autosamplers An autosampler is a programmable liquid sampler that is capable of operating in hostile environments such as sanitary sewers and heavy storms without additional protection. An autosampler is a programmable liquid sampler that is capable of operating in hostile environments such as sanitary sewers and heavy storms without additional protection. The unit uses a peristaltic pump that pulls in the samples and purges the sample line. The sample is fed from the pump down to a filling arm beneath the control case. The filling arm rotates above the bottle case and fills each bottle, up to 24, as the according to the program the user has entered. A variety of bottle sizes varying from twenty four 350 mL bottles to one 4 gallon bottle can be used in the bottle case. Samples that are heat sensitive can be kept cold by addition of ice to the water proof and insulated (R-14) bottle case. The unit uses a peristaltic pump that pulls in the samples and purges the sample line. The sample is fed from the pump down to a filling arm beneath the control case. The filling arm rotates above the bottle case and fills each bottle, up to 24, as the according to the program the user has entered. A variety of bottle sizes varying from twenty four 350 mL bottles to one 4 gallon bottle can be used in the bottle case. Samples that are heat sensitive can be kept cold by addition of ice to the water proof and insulated (R-14) bottle case. With an autosampler you can program the machine to sample on a daily basis or when the stream flow reaches a certain level thus saving you a great deal of time and risk. With an autosampler you can program the machine to sample on a daily basis or when the stream flow reaches a certain level thus saving you a great deal of time and risk. Two or more autosamplers can be coordinated to record data at identical times upstream and downstream of a sewer discharge. Two or more autosamplers can be coordinated to record data at identical times upstream and downstream of a sewer discharge.

4. Vadose Zone The region of the shallow subsurface bounded on top by the earth’s surface and the bottom by the water table. The region of the shallow subsurface bounded on top by the earth’s surface and the bottom by the water table. Unsaturated zone Tension dominated zone Soil moisture zone Zone of aeration

5. Vadose Zone Phases Solid phase Solid phase Skeletal structure, through which the fluid phases may pass or be retained Skeletal structure, through which the fluid phases may pass or be retained Fractured rock, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt and clay Fractured rock, cobbles, gravel, sand, silt and clay Organic matter-roots, leaves and waste products Organic matter-roots, leaves and waste products

6. Non-solid phases Non-solid phases Water Water Gas/vapor Gas/vapor Immiscible fluids Immiscible fluids Vadose Zone Phases

7. Vadose Zone Monitoring Methods Tensiometer – measure soil matrix potential (pressure) Tensiometer – measure soil matrix potential (pressure) Easily available Easily available Inexpensive Inexpensive Can be custom made Can be custom made Cannot measure Cannot measure hydraulic gradient positive pressure

8. Other Methods Electrical Resistance Blocks Electrical Resistance Blocks Measure soil moisture or soil-water pressure Measure soil moisture or soil-water pressure Thermocouple Psychrometers Thermocouple Psychrometers Measure in-situ woild=water pressure under very dry conditions Measure in-situ woild=water pressure under very dry conditions Gamma-Ray Attenuation Gamma-Ray Attenuation Indirectly measure moisture content be nondestructively determining soil density Indirectly measure moisture content be nondestructively determining soil density Nuclear Moisture Logging-neutron source Nuclear Moisture Logging-neutron source

9. Soil-Gas monitoring Soil-Gas monitoring Soil Sampling and Water Quality

10. Pore water extraction Pore water extraction Core samples – not most desirable method Core samples – not most desirable method Suction Lysimeters Suction Lysimeters In-situ soil water collection In-situ soil water collection