1. CHAPTER 20: BEHAVIOR, SELECTION, & SURVIVAL

2. Anthropomorphism – when humans reflect their emotions on to animals Behavior  the way an organism acts What makes us human?

3. Why do humans behave the way we do? *Do genes affect our behavior? *Does our environment affect our behavior?

4. The Famous Stanley Milgram Experiment

6. 2 Types of Behavior What causes a behavior response? - there is usually some type of a sign stimulus involved - ie. during breeding or competition

7. 1. Innate behaviors - instincts - occurs in response to a specific stimulus - ie. kitten on a ledge

8. 2.Learned - responses an individual develops as a direct result of specific environmental experiences - ie. toad and robber fly

9. 6 Types of Learning 1. Habituation the loss of old responses individual learns to ignore a response ie. not hearing a sound

10. 2. Conditioned Reflex (Conditioning) occurs when patterns of innate behaviors are changed a behavior is evoked by a previously neutral stimulus which has been associated with the stimulus that causes the reflex ie. Pavlov’s dogs

12. 3. Imprinting a learned behavior with an innate component acquired during a limited period early in life

17. 4. Trial and Error Learning a higher level of learning given 2 or more responses, individual is trained to prefer one when a reward is given over the other when a punishment is given individual learns to make the “correct” response ie. Alpo dogs

18. 5. Latent Learning learning that occurs without a reward given ie. rats in a maze

19. 6. Insight Learning a form of reasoning that draws from the past a high form of learning able to reason problems using past experiences

20. Insight Learning

21. One of the pictures is different than the others. Can you find it?

22. Word Search Find the word in the word list by looking across, down, diagonal, and CIRCLE THE WORD YOU FIND.

23. Can you guess the animal in this incomplete drawing? Write answer here _______ (Then see if you can complete the drawing)

24. Which is Bigger? Check correct box below with your answer A.B.

25. Connect the Dots 1. 2.

26. Get Through the Maze START FINISH

27. There is an Aardvark hiding in the back of this pickup truck. Can you find him? YES ____ NO ____

32. ZYP QLEXF SUWRG XCIDB WOPR ZYP QLEFK XCIBB SUWRG WOPR SUWRG ZYP XCIDB QLEFK

33. RED BLACK YELLOW BLUE RED BLACK YELLOW BLACK BLUE RED YELLOW GREEN BLUE RED

38. Communication Is communication innate, learned, or both? Ex. bee dance human speech - communication may be needed for: protection mating

39. Organisms communicate by: - sound - sight - smell - use pheromones for attraction of a mate or to leave a trail - nonverbal signs

40. Social Behavior  any interaction between 2 or more animals - mating behaviors

42. - aggressive behaviors and threat displays

43. - cooperative behaviors

44. - tests of strength - dominant and submissive behaviors

46. Animal Societies 1. Dominance Hierarchy - there is a linear relationship or a ranking system - shows a “pecking order” - ex. dogs - top dog underdog - ex. gorilla - alpha male (silverback)

47. 2. Caste System - individuals are born or hatched into a specific group within the society - usually have specialized adaptations for their role -ex. ants termites

48. Benefits to living in a society 1. Defense from predators 2. reproduction - one bird call may stimulate other bird hormone levels 3. increased care for young Benefits to living alone 1. easy to camouflage 2. do not have to share food