2. Project

4. From jazz to pop

5. Early jazz ● Jazz began in the USA. ● After World War I, jazz was the most popular type of music. ● It came from the folk songs of American black slaves. ● The trumpet was and still is one of the most important instruments used in jazz. ● Louis Armstrong is seen as one of the founding fathers of jazz. ● Solo performance became an essential part of every jazz song.

6. From swing music to rock and roll ● Swing music is a kind of jazz for dancing. ● It is faster than traditional jazz music. ● Swing music was usually played in dance halls by ‘big bands’, including a pianist, a violinist and a bassist, as well as others. ● R ﹠ B is a kind of mixture of jazz and swing. ● R ﹠ B included both guitar and saxophone solos.

7. From swing music to rock and roll ● R ﹠ B developed into what we know as rock and roll. ● Big Jon Turner, a black American singer, is thought to be one of the pioneers of rock and roll. ● Sam Philips, a music promoter from Memphis, Tennessee, found that a white man named Elvis Presley could sing like a black man.

8. 1960s pop music ● The Beatles were the most popular rock and roll band of the 1960s. ● The Beatles helped make Western pop music popular around the world. ● Wherever the Beatles went, large numbers of fans would welcome them.

9. Part B1 on page 109 of the Workbook. Part B1 (page 109) 1 drafted 3 haircut 5 frontiers 7 pioneers 2 decline 4 masses 6 waists 8 trends

10. Part B2 on page 109 of the Workbook. Part B2 (page 109) 1 mentality mental 5 cataloguing catalogue 2 violin violinist 6 jazzy jazz 3 mixing mixture 7 university universe universal 4 discriminate discrimination

11. Part D1 on page 111 Part D1 1 pop 2 musician 3 folk 4 phenomenon 5 affection 6 talent 7 performer 8 tune 9 anchored 10 desire

12. Part D2 on page 111 1 In recent years, great changes have taken place in the city, making it take on a new look. 2 After graduating from university, he applied for many jobs, but he has not found one which suits him yet. 3 In 1960, he performed on stage for the first time. Since then, his popularity has grown greatly. 4 Instead of going to school, Zhang Hua joined the army. 5 He is a friend that you can trust. He has never broken his promise to anyone. 6 You should give up now. Trying to get him to change his opinion is a waste of your time and energy. 7 Please read the signs. You are not allowed to take photos here in the palace. 8 He asked for advice from his colleagues on how to exercise control over the pace of the experiment.

14. 1. Jazz began in the USA and has played an important role in American culture and history. 爵士乐起源于美国，在美国文化和历史中起过重要 作用。 role noun [C] the position or purpose that someone or something has in a situation, organization, society or relationship: 作用 What is his role in this project? Schools play an important role in society. Six people have been put on trial for their role (= involvement) in the anti-government demonstrations.

15. noun [C] an actor’s part in a film or play: 角色 She’s got a leading/supporting role in the school play. She plays the role of a crooked lawyer.

16. 2. From the early 1930s to the early 1950s, traditional jazz went into a bit of a decline. (P30) 从 20 世纪 30 年代 早期到 20 世纪 50 年代早期，传统的爵士乐有一点没落了。 decline verb [I] to gradually become less, worse, or lower: 减少, 衰退 His interest in the project declined after his wife died. The party’s popularity has declined in the opinion polls. verb [I or T] to refuse: 拒绝 I invited him to the meeting but he declined. [+ to infinitive] They declined to tell me how they had got my address.

17. decline noun [S or U] when something becomes less in amount, importance, quality or strength: 衰退, 减少 industrial decline Home cooking seems to be on the/in decline (= not so many people are doing it). a decline in the number of unemployed She seemed to be recovering and then she went into a decline.

18. 3. During the 1950s, R& B changed modern music further and led to what we know as rock and roll. 在 20 世纪 50 年代， R&B 进一步改变了现代音乐，发展成为 我们现在所熟知的摇滚乐。 1) further adverb to a greater distance or degree; at a more advanced level: 进一步地 I’m afraid I never got further than the first five pages of ‘Ulysses’. We discussed the problem but we didn’t get much further in actually solving it. The whole matter is further complicated by the fact that Amanda and Jo refuse to speak to each other. Every day she sinks further and further into depression.

19. go further/take sth. further If you go or take something further, you take it to a more advanced stage: 进展 Before we go any further with the project I think we should check that there’s enough money to fund it. If you wish to take the matter further, you can file charges against him. adjective at a greater distance: 更远的 It was much further to the town centre than I remembered. Fourteen miles is further than you’d think once you start to run it.

20. adjective, adverb more or additional: 额外的 ( 地 ), 进一步的 ( 地 ) Have you anything further to add? If you have any further problems do let me know. It cost me £50 a day and a further £60 for insurance. This shop will be closed until further notice. We need to talk further about this.

21. verb [T] to advance something: 使进展 He has probably done more to further the cause of interracial harmony than any other person. Additional training is probably the best way to further your career these days.

22. 2) lead to lead to sth. phrasal verb If an action or event leads to something, it causes that thing to happen or exist: 导致, 致使 Reducing speed limits should lead to fewer deaths on the roads.

23. 1. The discovery of new evidence led to. ( 上海） A ． the thief having caught B ． catch the thief C ． the thief being caught D ． the thief to be caught 2. Once a decision has been made, all of us should ___________it. ( 湖北） A ． direct to B ． stick to C ． lead to D ． refer to

24. 4. He thought he could make a fortune if he could find a white man who could sing like a black man. (P31) 他想，如果他能找到一个可以像黑人一样演唱的白 人，他就可以发达大财。 fortune noun [C] a large amount of money, goods, property, etc: 财富 She inherited a fortune from her grandmother. He lost a fortune gambling. You can make a fortune out of junk if you call it ‘antiques’. This dress cost a (small) fortune. Any painting by Van Gogh is worth a fortune.

25. noun [C or U] chance and the way it affects your life: 机会, 机遇 He had the (good) fortune to train with some of the world’s top athletes. The family’s fortunes changed overnight. tell sb’s fortune to discover what will happen to someone in the future, for example by looking at the lines on their hands or using a special set of cards: 占卜, 算命

26. 5. Elvis’ musical life was cut short when he was drafted into the army in 1958. (P31) draft noun [C] a piece of text, a formal suggestion or a drawing in its original state, often containing the main ideas and intentions but not the developed form: 草稿 This is only a rough draft—the finished article will have pictures as well. She asked me to check the (first) draft of her proposal. verb [T] 打草稿, 草拟 Draft a proposal for the project and we can discuss it at the meeting. to force someone by law to serve in one of the armed forces: 征兵 They were drafted into the army. adjective [before noun] a draft plan/bill/proposal

27. 6. They continue to have almost universal appeal today, even though they broke up in 1970. (P31) 尽管 他们在 1970 年就解散了，但直到今天，他们仍有着几乎 是全球性的吸引力。 continue verb [I or T] to keep happening, existing or doing something, or to cause something or someone to do this: 继续, 持续 [+ to infinitive] It's said that as the boat went down the band continued to play. [+ ing form of verb] If she continues drinking like that, I’ll have to carry her home. Do you intend to continue (with) your studies? If the rain continues, we’ll have to cancel tonight’s plans. Sally Palmer will be continuing as chairperson this autumn.

28. [I] to start to do something again after a pause: 中 断后继续 After stopping for a quick drink, they continued on their way. [+ ing form of verb] He paused for a moment to listen and then continued eating. The president continued by saying that his country was a free country and would always remain so. [+ speech] “I don’t like your weather!” she shouted, "and I don't, " she continued, "like your food."

29. 2) break sth. up phrasal verb to divide into many pieces, or to divide something into many pieces: 分裂 The company has been broken up and sold off. If an occasion when people meet breaks up or someone breaks it up, it ends and people start to leave: 解散, 结束, 放假 The meeting broke up at ten to three. We broke up for the holidays in June. If a marriage breaks up or two people in a romantic relationship break up, their marriage or their relationship ends: ( 婚姻, 友谊等 ) 破裂 Jenny and George have broken up. She’s just broken up with her boyfriend.

30. break 常用短语 break out (START) phrasal verb If something dangerous or unpleasant breaks out, it suddenly starts: ( 灾难等 ) 突然 爆发 War broke out in 1914. Fighting has broken out all over the city. break out (ESCAPE) phrasal verb to escape from prison: They broke out of prison and fled the country.

31. break through sth. phrasal verb to force yourself through something that is holding you back: 突破 Protesters broke through the barriers. break away phrasal verb to leave or to escape from someone who is holding you: 挣脱, 摆脱 He grabbed her, but she managed to break away. FIGURATIVE One or two of the tourists broke away from the tour group.

32. break down phrasal verb If a machine or vehicle breaks down, it stops working: ( 机器等 ) 出故障 Our car broke down and we had to push it off the road. If a system, relationship or discussion breaks down, it fails because there is a problem or disagreement.( 谈判等 ) 失败 to be unable to control your feelings and to start to cry: 崩溃 When we gave her the bad news, she broke down and cried.

33. break in/break into sth. phrasal verb to get into a building or car using force, usually to steal something: 强行闯入 The burglars broke in through the kitchen window. My car’s been broken into twice this month. break in phrasal verb to interrupt when someone else is talking: 插嘴 As she was talking, he suddenly broke in, saying, “That’s a lie”. break into sth. phrasal verb to suddenly begin to do something: 突然爆发 He felt so happy that he broke into song (= suddenly began to sing). She walked quickly, occasionally breaking into a run (= starting to run).

34. break sth. off phrasal verb to separate a part from a larger piece, or to become separate: 折断 He broke off a piece of chocolate. to end a relationship: 中断 They’ve broken off their engagement. The governments have broken off diplomatic relations. She broke off in the middle of a sentence.

35. 1. The computer system suddenly __________while he was searching for information on the Internet. ( 辽 宁） A. broke down B. broke out C. broke upD. broke in 2. I was still sleeping when the fire __________, and then it spread quickly. ( 广东 ) A. broke out B. put out C. came out D. got out

36. 3. News reports say peace talks between the two countries _________ with no agreement reached. ( 湖北） A ． have broken down B ． have broken out C ． have broken in D ． have broken up

37. Read Part A on page 115 of the Workbook and then finish Part B.