1. Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Seminar Week 7

2. Chapter 10: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
Piaget’s Pre-Operational Stage
Language Development
Memory Development
Intelligence Testing
Early Childhood Education

3. Overview: Early Childhood Ages 2-6
Physically stronger, increased balanced, improved fine motor skills (draw a person, cut along a line, fold a paper in half)
Can dress with help
Need supervision due to a lack of understanding of consequences and danger
Large language gains
Understand numbers, letter recognition
Interpret emotions of others
Some control of feelings and expressions
Development of imagination (magical thinking)

4. Guideposts for Study
1. What are typical cognitive advances and immature aspects of preschool children's thinking?
2. How does language improve, and what happens when its development is delayed?

5. Guideposts for Study
3. What memory abilities expand in early childhood?
4. How is preschoolers‘ intelligence measured, and what factors influence it?
5. What purposes does early childhood education serve, and how do children make the transition to kindergarten?

6. Piaget: Pre-Operational Thought
______________ – thought not limited by ordinary rules of logic (dominated by perceptions and egocentrism)
Advances in symbolic thought with a growing understanding of space, causality, identities, categorization, numbers, and language
Limited in the ability to perform operations (mental activity; follows rules of logic)

7. Cognitive Advances and Limitations - Early Childhood
Limitiations
1. Use of symbols
1. Centration
2. Understanding of identities
2. Transductive Reasoning
3. Understanding of cause and effect
3. Focus on states rather than transformations
4. Ability to classify
4. Irreversibility
5. Understanding of number
5. Egocentrism
6. Empathy
6. Animism
7. Theory of Mind
7. Inability to distinguish reality

8. Cognitive Advances During Early Childhood
1. Use of symbols
2. Understanding of identities
3. Understanding of cause and effect
4. Ability to classify
5. Understanding of number
6. Empathy
7. Theory of Mind

9. Advances 1. Use of Symbols
__________________ - The ability to use or mental representations such as words, numbers, or images (“I want ice cream” without having seen anything to trigger it)
Having symbols for things helps children to remember and think about them without having them physically present
Examples: pretend play, deferred imitation, language

10. Advances con’t… Early Symbolic Development
Until about age ____ or later, most children do not reliably grasp the relationship between pictures, maps, or scale models and what they represent
Representational thought (____ months) – begin to understand that a picture represents something else
Enables them make more accurate judgments about spatial relationships

11. Advances con’t… 2. Understanding of Identities
_____________ – concept that people and many things are basically the same even if they change in form, size, appearance
_____________ alterations do not change the nature of things

12. Advances con’t … 3. Understanding of cause and effect
Understanding of familiar events enables them to think ___________ about the cause and effect
ie. Seeing a ball roll from behind the wall, Marie looks behind the wall for the person who kicked the ball

13. Advances con’t… 4. Ability to classify
Requires a child to identify similarities and differences
By age ____, many children can classify by two criteria (ie. colour, & shape)
Begin to order many aspects of their lives
ie. People who are ‘good’, ‘bad’, ‘friend’, non-friend

14. Advances con’t 5. Understanding of number
By age ______ children have words for comparing quantities (ie. bigger/smaller, longer/shorter)
By age _, most children can count to 20 & can do simple addition/subtractraction
Children intuitively devise strategies for counting
How quickly they learn depends on culture (Video 2: Young Brazilian Math)

15. Advances con’t… 6. Empathy Social ______________
Ability to put oneself in another person’s place and feel what that person feels
It may be ________ (ie. baby crying when they see another baby cry), definitely at an early age
Social ______________
Learning to gauge the feelings and intentions of others enables us to function as members of a family and a society

16. Advances con’t… 7. Theory of Mind
Children become more aware of mental activity and the functioning of the mind
Between ________, children come to understand that:
thinking goes on inside the mind
that it can deal with either real or imaginary things
someone can be thinking of one thing while doing or looking at something else
that thinking is different from seeing, talking, touching, & knowing

17. Limitations of Pre-operational Thought
1. Centration: inability to decentre
2. Transductive Reasoning
3. Focus on states rather than transformations
4. Irreversibility
5. Egocentrism
6. Animism
7. Inability to distinguish reality

18. Limitations 1. Centration: inability to decentre
__________ – tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others
Cannot ________ – think about several aspects of a situation at one time
Preschoolers come to illogical conclusions due to this limitation

19. Limitations con’t… 2. Irreversibiltiy
Failure to understand that an operation can go in two or directions
3. Focus on states rather than transformations
Failure to understand the significance of the transformation between states
ie. different size container does not change amount

20. Limitations con’t… Conservation
Pre-operational children _______ to understand the fact that two things that are equal remain so even if their appearance is altered, so long as nothing is added or taken away (ie. juice glasses)
Video1: Piaget Conservation

22. Limitations con’t… 4. Transductive reasoning
View one situation as the basis for another situation even when there is no logical casual relationship
______ from one particular to another and see cause where none exists
ie. Think their ‘bad’ behaviour caused their own or another child’s illness

23. Limitations con’t 5. Egocentrism
Young children centre so much on their own point of view that they ________ take in another’s point of view
Difficulty separating reality from what goes on in their heads
ie. three mountain task

24. Piaget’s three-mountain task
Piaget’s three-mountain task. A preoperational child is unable to describe the “mountains” from the doll’s point of view- an indication of egocentrism, according to Piaget.

25. Limitations con’t… 6. Animism
Tendency to attribute _______ to objects that are not alive (ie. rocks, plants)
ie. Amanda says that spring is trying to come but winter is saying “I won’t go”
Culture can affect beliefs – Japanese children were likely to attribute life like qualities to stones and chairs which in their culture are sometimes viewed as if they were alive

26. Limitations con’t… 7. Inability to distinguish appearance from reality
Children confuse what is real with ________ appearance
ie. Put on a Halloween mask and they become someone else

27. Piagetian Approach: The Preoperational Child
Do Young Children Have Theories Of Mind?
By age 3, children's understanding of others' emotional and mental states is becoming more _______. They realize that a person who does not immediately find what she wants will keep looking.
At age __, children tend to believe that everyone else knows what they know and believes what they do
Not until about age 5 or 6 do children understand the distinction between what seems to be and what is.

28. Language Development Vocabulary
Learning on average ____new words a day since about 1 ½ years of age (understands 20,000 by age ____)
Fast mapping: Process by which a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice in conversation
The use of ________, a figure of speech in which a word or phrase that usually designates one thing is applied to another, becomes increasingly common in the preschool years (“grumpy old bear”)

29. Language Development Private Speech (Table 10-4)
Talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate
_______ year olds playfully repeat rhythmic sounds; older children “think out loud”
Vygotsky believed that it helps young children to integrate language with thought
Normal and common in childhood, accounting for 20 to 50 percent of what _________ year-old children say
Piaget (1962/1923) saw private speech as a sign of cognitive immaturity. According to Piaget, young children are egocentric—unable to recognize others' viewpoints and therefore unable to communicate meaningfully. Instead, they simply vocalize whatever is on their mind.
Vygotsky did not look upon private speech as egocentric. He saw it as a special form of communication: conversation with the self.

30. Language Development Delayed Language Development
Some late speakers have a history of otitis media between ___ and ___months of age
Delayed language development can have far-reaching cognitive and psychosocial consequences
Children who do not speak or understand as well as their peers tend to be judged negatively by adults and other children
Speech and language therapy may include a specialized preschool program targeting language skills and follow-up programs during the elementary school years.

31. Language Development Social Interaction and Preparation for Literacy
____________ literacy: Preschoolers’ development of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie reading and writing
Social interaction can promote emergent literacy
Reading to children is one of the most effective paths to literacy
Handout: Early Literacy
Children are more likely to become good readers and writers if parents provide conversational challenges the children are ready for--if they use a rich vocabulary and center dinner-table talk on the day's activities or on questions about why people do things and how things work.

32. Information-Processing Approach: Memory Development
Forming Childhood Memories
________ memory: Memory that produces scripts of familiar routines to guide behavior
age _____
________ memory: Long-term memory of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place (fade after a few weeks, months)
(age ___)
Autobiographical memory: Memory of specific events in one’s own life
age ___, increases slowly from ______
According to the social interaction model, based on Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, children collaboratively construct autobiographical memories as they talk with parents or other adults about shared events.
We know little about the relationship between memory and language among children who begin to speak later because of different social and cultural practices, or among deaf children of hearing parents who cannot as easily converse with them.

33. Intelligence: Psychometric & Vygotskian Approaches
Traditional Psychometric Measures
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Individual intelligence test used to measure memory, spatial orientation, and practical judgment
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised: Individual intelligence test for children ages 3 to 7, which yields verbal and performance scores as well as a combined score

34. Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
Influences on Measured Intelligence
The IQ score is a measure of how well a child can do certain tasks in comparison with others of the same age not about quantity of information
Factors that influence test results include temperament, match between cognitive style and the tasks posed, social and emotional maturity, ease in the testing situation, preliteracy or literacy skills, socioeconomic status, and ethnic background
Mothers who considered their children "difficult" tended to give them more assistance and instruction or to be more critical and coercive; and their children failed to develop independent problem solving skills.
Twin and adoption studies suggest that family life has its strongest influence in early childhood, and this influence diminishes greatly by adolescence.
A child's IQ is related to the total number of risk factors such as the mother's behavior, mental health, anxiety level, education, and beliefs about children's development; family size and social support; stressful life events; parental occupations; and disadvantaged status. The more risk factors there were, the lower the child's IQ score.

35. Intelligence: Psychometric and Vygotskian Approaches
Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky's Theory
Adults direct children's learning most effectively in the zone of proximal development (ZPD) with regard to tasks children are almost ready to accomplish on their own (tasks children are almost ready to accomplish on their own)
The ZPD, along with scaffolding, can help parents and teachers efficiently guide children's cognitive progress
This approach emphasizes potential rather than present achievement
Parents give the children feedback when their directions needed clarifying. Parents prove to be highly sensitive to children's scaffolding needs; they give more directive prompts to 3-year-olds, whose directions tend to be less clear than those of 4-year-olds. The parents use fewer directive prompts as the children gained experience in giving clear directions.

36. If you were a preschool or kindergarten teacher, how helpful do you think it would be to know a child's IQ? the child's ZPD?
Example: 2 children with mental age of 7 yrs. With the help of leading questions, examples, & demonstrations, one can easily solve problems geared to mental age of 9, but the other one given the same assistance can only to tasks at a 7 ½ year old level
If we measure children by what they can do on their own (as traditional IQ tests do), their intelligence is about the same; but if we measure them by their immediate potential development (ZPD), they are quite different

37. Early Childhood Education
Compensatory Preschool Programs
Project Head Start, a federally funded program, was started in 1965 for children of low-income families in the United States (Aboriginal Head Start Program in Canada)
Aim of preparing children for elementary school
Effective in improving school readiness
The program provides medical, dental, and mental health care, social services, at least one hot meal a day, involves the community, cultural sensitivity
Highlights need for earlier and longer-lasting intervention
Although Head Start children do better on intelligence tests than other children from comparable backgrounds, this advantage disappears after the children start school.

38. Is publicly funded compensatory education the best way to help poor children catch up?

39. Early Childhood Education
The Transition to Kindergarten
Many kindergartners now spend a full day in school rather than the traditional half day
Children spend less time on self-chosen tasks and more on worksheets and preparing to read & includes critical evaluation of abilities
Children who are close to their teachers tend to do well academically
Parents who had happy childhoods, were happily married in the child’s early years, & had an authortative parenting style had children who did better in kindergarten
In a longitudinal study of 72 couples, those who had had happy childhoods, were happily married in the child's early years, and had an authoritative parenting style had children who did better in kindergarten, both socially and academically.