1. The Counter Reformation
Can’t we all just get along?
The Counter Reformation

2. Main idea
Catholics at all levels recognized the need for church reform. The tide of Protestantism was turned back and Catholic zeal was renewed.

3. Key questions What reforms were made in the Catholic church?
What were the religious and social effects of the Counter Reformation?
What wars occurred as a result of the Counter-Reformation?

4. Key terms and people I love words! Counter-Reformation Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola
Council of Trent
Charles Borromeo
Francis of Sales
Teresa of Avila

5. Counter reformation
A series of reforms directed toward the Catholic Church by Catholics

6. Girolamo savonarola Preached fiery sermons during the 1400s
He said the church should melt down their gold and silver ornaments to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the church.

7. The bonfire of the vanities
People were actually convinced to burn their jewelry and trinkets.
This practice was originally allowed by Pope Alexander

8. Savonarola and the fire
Eventually the Pope had him excommunicated
The Pope said that Savonarola’s ideas might be dangerous to the church.
1498 – Savonarola was executed

9. jesuits Renewed the church’s emphasis on spirituality and service
Society of Jesus
By 1700 they had 669 colleges in Europe.
Influenced politics through their presence in India, Japan, and China

10. Ignatius of loyola Founder of the Jesuits Basque nobleman and soldier
Emphasized obedience to the church
Jesuits focus on education as a means of combating Protestant reform.
Recognized by the pope
Established missions, schools and universities

12. The council of trent
Examined protestant criticisms and clarified Catholic teachings
Regulated the training of priests
Addressed financial abuse
Indulgences abolished

13. Council of trent
Rejected the Protestant’s emphasis on self-discipline and faith
Believed the Catholic Church could help believers achieve salvation through mysterious and magnificent ceremonies.
Austria, Poland and other parts of Europe returned to Catholicism
Catholic interpretation of the vulgate was the only possible true interpretation

14. Reforming catholics
Charles Borromeo – archbishop of Milan who oversaw the Council of Trent’s charge to build new schools for the education of priests
Francis of Sales – regained regions that had been lost to Calvinism

15. Women and the church
Women used to live in convents during the Middle Ages
Now women were doing more to help the poor, orphaned and sick.
Teresa of Avila was influential

16. Teresa of avila
Formed her own order because she felt that the rules of the convent were too lax
She created strict rules regarding fasting, prayer and sleep
Reformed the Carmelite order
She had visions of Christ and was deeply spiritual

17. The inquisition
The Roman Inquisition was formed in 1542 to combat Protestantism
Popes increased the power of the inquisition
Tried people who were accused of being Protestant, of practicing witchcraft, or breaking church law

18. Catholic advisor scientists said that the sun was immobile and that the Earth moves around it.
Galileo was suspected of heresy and died while under house arrest.
What was the name of his theory again?
Heliocentrism
Copernicus’s book was placed on the List of Forbidden Books

19. The spanish inquisition
1478 – harsh
Imposed religious uniformity especially on converted Jews, Muslims and eventually on Protestants

20. The wheel
Heretics were strapped to a wheel while their bones were clubbed into shards.

21. TOCA
Introduce a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning.

22. garrucha
suspend the victim from the ceiling by the wrists, which are tied behind the back. Sometimes weights were tied to the ankles, with a series of lifts and drops, during which the arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated.
Savonarola = confession

23. potro The rack. Dilocated joints.
Often forced other prisoners to watch.
Used pincers to tear the nails from fingers and toes

24. Index of forbidden books
Warning from the church
People needed to stop reading books that were on the forbidden list or else they would lose their soul.
Torture and execution occurred
Seen as an abuse of the church’s power

25. Galileo facing the roman inquisition

26. Check for understanding
What methods did the Catholic Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism?

27. Religious and social effects
Changes in religion
Persecution and hysteria
Political effects

28. Changes in religion
Jesuits added a softening effect to the Catholic Church’s image
Martin Luther denounced the Anabaptists and Zwingli’s followers
Religious freedom brought varied interpretations and turmoil

29. Persecution and hysteria
Catholics and Protestants both viewed Jews and Muslims as heretics
Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or else they had to leave Spain
Jews that did stay lived in walled ghettoes and gates were locked closed in the evenings.

30. witchcraft People feared witches
Afraid that satanic witches were killing children and cattle
Fears increased in times of poor harvest
Penalty for practicing witchcraft is death
Peak of paranoia was
Most executions were
poor women

31. Nationalism was rising
Political effects
Nationalism was rising
Merchants and rulers wanted the church to be less involved in state and business affairs
Nations and churches still tried to align themselves with one another to increase their influence

32. Check for understanding
How did religious turmoil affect society during the 1500s?

33. Religious wars and unrest
1494 – King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy
This begins the Italian Wars
England gets involved along with several popes
Wars help to spread ideas of the Renaissance from Italy to Europe
Artists fled to the north

34. Remember charles v? Holy Roman emperor
He was originally a Spaniard who sacked Rome
Culminating battle

35. Conflicts among germans
Peasants were becoming unhappy with high taxes and a lack of power
Reformation preachers were preaching freedom sermons
1524 thousands of peasants stormed castles and monasteries

36. Reformation causes
Humanist values led people to question church authority
Clergy were corrupt and poorly educated
Luther’s 95 thesis
Printing press

37. Peasants’ war Nobles suppressed uprising
Luther was accused of being responsible
Luther denounced the peasant effort proclaiming that they, “rob and rage and act like mad dogs.”

38. Charles v Determined to defeat Protestantism
Waged war against Lutheran princes in Germany
Peace of Augsburg was signed but Charles refused to attend the meeting

39. Peace of augsburg
Prince could choose the religion that his subjects would practice
Only choices were Catholicism or Lutheranism
Subjects had no say in the matter

40. huguenots Protestant minority
Fought Catholics for years until their leader, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism.
Catholics accepted him as king
Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants

41. If you were to compare the spread of Lutheranism to the spread of Calvinism, what generalizations could be made?

42. Did you say,…
This map illustrates the geographical patterns of the Protestant Reformation. Lutheranism spread through German-speaking areas along the Baltic Sea but rarely crossed the Rhine River. The spread of Calvinism defies linguistic explanations.
Great job!

43. Protestant sects developed Catholic Church was reformed
Reformation effects
Protestant sects developed
Catholic Church was reformed
Anti-Semitism increased
Religious intolerance spread across Europe

44. Check for understanding
What effects led to the Peasant’s War?

45. Don’t believe me. See for yourself.
Please get a book and turn to page 64.
Let the primary resources speak for themsleves.

46. Document 1
Interpret ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Infer ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Document 2
Describe ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Document 3
Identify ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Compare ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Document 4
Analyze ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name: ________________________________ Date: ______________________

47. Document 1
Interpret: How does Pope Innocent III’s description of humanity view the individual?
Infer: Why was secular learning discouraged before the Renaissance?
Document 2
Describe: What subjects are the ambassadors interested in learning?
Interpret: How might this painting be different from earlier paintings of important officials?
Document 3
Identify: Why does humanity have a special place in the universe, according to Mirandola?
Compare: How has the view of the relationship between God and humanity changed in Mirandola’s eyes?
Document 4
Analyze: Why does Erasmus say humanists should study Christianity?
Interpret: How does Erasmus equate spiritual and secular learning?
Document Based Essay Question:
The change in the view of humanity during the Renaissance was a subtle and gradual shift that would have a profound effect. What changes occurred in the view of the individual? Using the documents provided and information from class, note some changes. Then write an essay about how they may have affected the way people lived.