1. The Age of Anxiety 1919-1939

2. New Cultural Frontiers Postwar Pessimism Postwar Pessimism –Anti-war sentiment The "lost generation“ The "lost generation“ –Term used by Gertrude Stein to label American intellectuals and authors in Paris.  Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, etc. Postwar writers expressed their disillusion and revulsion in poetry and fiction. Postwar writers expressed their disillusion and revulsion in poetry and fiction. –Attacks on progress Science and democracy became fallen idols Science and democracy became fallen idols

3. The Great Depression  A global depression. A global depression. –The weakness of global economy. The complicated financial relationships among the Allies, Germany-Austria, and U.S. The complicated financial relationships among the Allies, Germany-Austria, and U.S. As United States lenders withdrew capital from Europe (1928), the financial system strained. As United States lenders withdrew capital from Europe (1928), the financial system strained. –U.S. was becoming more and more isolated. Industrial innovations reduced demand for raw materials such as rubber, coal, and cotton. Industrial innovations reduced demand for raw materials such as rubber, coal, and cotton.

4. The Crash of 1929 United States economic boom prompted many to invest in speculative ventures. United States economic boom prompted many to invest in speculative ventures. On Oct. 29, 1929 stock prices plummeted, investors lost life savings. On Oct. 29, 1929 stock prices plummeted, investors lost life savings. –Otherwise know as Black Tuesday. Lenders called in loans, forcing investors to sell their securities at any price. Lenders called in loans, forcing investors to sell their securities at any price.

5. Economic Contraction Spreads Financial chaos led to reduced consumer demand and business failure. Financial chaos led to reduced consumer demand and business failure. By 1932, the United States industrial production and national income dropped by half. By 1932, the United States industrial production and national income dropped by half. Tightening of United States economy created a ripple effect that circled the globe. Tightening of United States economy created a ripple effect that circled the globe. Industrial economies of Germany and Japan suffered the most. Industrial economies of Germany and Japan suffered the most.

6. Personal Suffering Millions of people struggled for food, clothing, and shelter. Millions of people struggled for food, clothing, and shelter. Anguish and despair led to social divisions and class hatreds. Anguish and despair led to social divisions and class hatreds. Writers criticized social and political order, calling for a just society. Writers criticized social and political order, calling for a just society.

7. Global Depression  Economic Experimentation Economic Experimentation –John Maynard Keynes theories of economics. Keynesian economics. Keynesian economics. Governments should play an active role in stimulating economy and consumer demand. Governments should play an active role in stimulating economy and consumer demand. –The New Deal Roosevelt protected banking system, provided jobs and farm subsidies, legislation on minimum wage, social security, and workers' unions. Roosevelt protected banking system, provided jobs and farm subsidies, legislation on minimum wage, social security, and workers' unions. But it was the military spending of WW II that ended the depression in the United States. But it was the military spending of WW II that ended the depression in the United States.

8. Global Depression  Japanese approaches. Japanese approaches. –Japan came out of the depression by 1931 through government measures at expense of workers' interests. German approaches. German approaches. –Germany recovered by the mid-1930s through public works, deficit spending, and military preparation.

9. Global Depression  From Lenin to Stalin. From Lenin to Stalin. –The Great Purge Disaster of collectivization generated controversy and doubt concerning Stalin's administration Disaster of collectivization generated controversy and doubt concerning Stalin's administration Stalin purged 2/3 of Central Committee members and more than 1/2 of the army's high-ranking officers from 1935-38. Stalin purged 2/3 of Central Committee members and more than 1/2 of the army's high-ranking officers from 1935-38. By 1939, 8 million people were in labor camps and 3 million died during ethnic cleansing. By 1939, 8 million people were in labor camps and 3 million died during ethnic cleansing. The world watched the Soviet Union with contempt and fear. The world watched the Soviet Union with contempt and fear.

10. Socialism in One Country Stalin favored "socialism in one country“. Stalin favored "socialism in one country“. He established dictatorship through murders and purges in 1928. He established dictatorship through murders and purges in 1928. Replaced Lenin's NEP with the First Five-Year Plan in 1929. Replaced Lenin's NEP with the First Five-Year Plan in 1929.

11. New Leaders and New Ideas in Europe during the 1930s AP World History Unit 5

12. Nazism FascismCommunism Totalitarianism

13. How did Totalitarianism come about? Step 1 – Treaty of Versailles. Step 1 – Treaty of Versailles. Step 2 – Stock Market Crash of 1929. Step 2 – Stock Market Crash of 1929. Step 3 – Great Depression of the 1930s. Step 3 – Great Depression of the 1930s. Step 4 – Increased influence from new political parties that emphasized government control. Step 4 – Increased influence from new political parties that emphasized government control. Step 5 – Total control of the government by a dictator. Step 5 – Total control of the government by a dictator.

14. Characteristics of Totalitarianism Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state. Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state. –Political, military, economy, social, and cultural. Highly nationalistic. Highly nationalistic. –Flags, salutes, rallies, and uniforms. Strict controls and laws. Strict controls and laws. Military state. Military state. –Secret police, army, and navy.

15. Characteristics of Totalitarianism Censorship. Censorship. –Opposing literature and ideas. Propaganda Propaganda –Media Radio, newspapers, and posters. Radio, newspapers, and posters. One leader One leader –A charismatic dictator. Total conformity of people to ideas and the leader. Total conformity of people to ideas and the leader. Terror and Fear. Terror and Fear.

16. Soviet Communism Also known as “Stalinism”. Also known as “Stalinism”. –Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953. Combines elements of communism with a totalitarian and military state. Combines elements of communism with a totalitarian and military state.

17. Fascism Fascism’s name comes from the “fasces”. Fascism’s name comes from the “fasces”. –An ancient Roman symbol of authority. Intense nationalism and elitists mindset. Intense nationalism and elitists mindset. Totalitarian control Totalitarian control Interests of the state more important than individual rights. Interests of the state more important than individual rights. Maintains class system and private ownership. Maintains class system and private ownership. Most well known example is in Italy. Most well known example is in Italy. –Lead by Benito Mussolini from 1922-1943.

18. Nazism Extreme form of Fascism, Nationalism, and Totalitarianism. Extreme form of Fascism, Nationalism, and Totalitarianism. Based on the beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party. Based on the beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party. Belief in a superior race. Belief in a superior race. –The Aryan or “master race”. Belief that all Germans should have a Belief that all Germans should have a “living space” in Europe. Violent hatred of Jews. Violent hatred of Jews. –Belief that Jews were the cause of all of Germany’s problems. Led by Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945. Led by Adolf Hitler from 1933-1945.