1. Chapter 14 Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation

2. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Recommendations for Weight Gain during Pregnancy

3. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pattern of Weight Gain during Pregnancy

4. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physical Activity during Pregnancy

5. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Discomforts of Pregnancy Physiological changes during pregnancy can cause uncomfortable side effects for the mother. These can include: Edema Morning sickness Heartburn Constipation and hemorrhoids

6. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Complications of Pregnancy Pregnancy can cause complications for the mother and the child. These can include: Pregnancy-induced hypertension, which includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia Gestational diabetes mellitus

7. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutritional Needs of Pregnancy

8. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. What is in a Prenatal Supplement?

9. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk

10. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Factors that Increase Pregnancy Risk

11. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Micronutrient Needs of Pregnant Teens

12. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fetal Development

13. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physiology of Lactation Lactation involves the synthesis of milk components, including protein, lactose and lipids, and the movement of the milk through the milk ducts to the nipple. Colostrum is immature milk, secreted during the first days after delivery. Colostrum is rich in protein and immune factors. The release of milk from the glands through the ducts is referred to as let-down. The let-down of milk is triggered by the hormone oxytocin.

14. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Maternal Nutrient Needs during Lactation The need for nutrients is even greater during lactation than during pregnancy. Human milk contains about 160 kcalories per cup (240 ml). The EER for lactation is estimated by adding the TEE of nonlactating women and the energy in the milk and then subtracting the energy supplied by maternal fat sources. Lactating women require approximately an additional liter of fluid a day.

15. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutritional Needs of Infants

16. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Assessing Infant Growth

17. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comparing Breast Milk and Formula

18. Chapter 15 Nutrition from Infancy to Adolescence

19. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. What are Children in the US Eating?

20. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Diet-Related Disease Conditions in Children High-kcalorie, high-saturated fat diets combined with low-activity lifestyles can lead to the following: Obesity Type 2 diabetes Elevated serum cholesterol Heart disease Hypertension

21. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Monitoring Children’s Growth

22. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Monitoring Children’s Growth

23. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Energy and Protein Needs for Children

24. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Typical Meal Patterns for Infants

25. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Food Allergies and Food Intolerances Food allergies are more common in infants than adults. Exposure to an allergen for the first time causes the immune system to produce antibodies to that allergen. Allergy symptoms include sneezing, rash, eczema, hives, cramps, aches, vomiting, asthma, diarrhea and many others. Allergy symptoms may be immediate or take up to 24 hours. Allergy symptoms may range from mild to life-threatening. Food intolerances do not cause antibody production. Food intolerances create problems during digestion. Lactose intolerance, an inability to digest milk sugar, is an example.

26. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. MyPyramid for Kids

27. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Meal Patterns for Children of Different Ages

28. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Healthy Snacks for Young Children

29. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutrition and Health Concerns in Children A number of diet and lifestyle factors put children at risk for illness and malnutrition. They can include: Dental caries Lead toxicity Hyperactivity Childhood obesity

30. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Preventing Childhood Obesity

31. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The “Saturday Morning Pyramid”

32. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Fitness for Children

33. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lean Body Mass in Adolescent Males Versus Females

34. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dietary Concerns for Teenagers

35. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dietary Concerns for Adolescents Adolescence is a time of independence and changed behaviors. Dietary choices in adolescence can lead to nutrient deficiencies. Adolescents may be making decisions about: Vegetarianism Eating for appearance and/or performance Smoking Alcohol use Oral contraceptive use Teenage pregnancy

36. Chapter 16 Nutrition and Aging: The Adult Years

37. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Life Expectancy in the United States

38. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. How Long Can You Expect to be Healthy?

39. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. What Causes Aging? As organisms become older, the number of cells they contain decreases and the function of the remaining cells declines. As tissues and organs lose cells, the ability of the organism to maintain homeostasis decreases. Loss of cells occurs throughout life but is not felt for a long time, as organisms begin with reserve capacity. In young adults, the reserve capacity of organs is four to ten times that required to sustain life. As a person ages, reserve capacity decreases and the effects of aging become evident.

40. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. What Affects the Rate of Aging?

41. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutrient Needs for Older Adults

42. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Factors that Increase the Risk of Malnutrition

43. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Consequences of Malnutrition

44. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physiological Changes that Occur with Aging It is difficult to determine which changes that occur as we age are inevitable and which can be attributed to disease states. Some of the changes seen in aging can include: Sensory decline Macular degeneration Cataracts Periodontal disease Atrophic gastritis Decline in size and functioning of liver and kidneys Increase in body fat, decrease in lean body tissue Reduced hormone levels Decrease in mobility Dementia Alzheimer’s disease

45. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutrient and Drug Interactions

46. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Nutrient and Drug Interactions

47. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keeping Older Adults Healthy There are a variety of social and economic changes that often accompany aging. These factors are interrelated and can affect nutritional status by decreasing the motivation to shop for, prepare and enjoy food and beverages. These changes can include: Income level Dependent living Depression

48. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keeping Older Adults Healthy

49. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keeping Older Adults Healthy

50. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Physical Activity for Older Adults

51. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Warning Signs of Malnutrition in Older Adults

52. Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. National Nutrition Programs for Older Adults