1. R. H. Bainton The Reformation of the 16c
Thus, the papacy emerged as something between an Italian city-state and European power, without forgetting at the same time the claim to be the vice-regent of Christ. The Pope often could not make up his mind whether he was the successor of Peter or of Caesar. Such vacillation had much to do with the rise and success of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation Polka

2. Causes of the Reformation?
Church corruption
Avignon Papacy
Conciliarism (Great Schism)
Marsilius of Padua  Defensor Pacis [Defender of the Peace]
Attacked papal authority
The Christian community is the sum of ALL its parts!
Development of personal devotions  suspicion of clergy
Greed of secular leaders  1/3 of Europe  church land
Papal need for money  indulgences
Printing Press

3. Causes of The Reformation Cont.
Population Growth
Urbanization
Growth of National Monarchies (Spain, France, England)
Fragmented German and Swiss City-States
Modern Devotion
Study of Northern Humanism

4. The Spread of the Printing Press

5. The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

6. The Holy Roman Empire Political Disunity Electorate System Charles V,
Habsburg Dominance
Foreign Wars
Principalities
Quest for power
Informal Resentment of the Papal States
Economic incentive

7. Summary of Luther Product of the Modern Devotion
Wants reform not Revolution
95 Theses 1517
Diet of Worms 1520
Protector: Frederick the Wise
Married 1525: Partnership
Renunciation of the Peasants Revolt 1525
Key Spiritual Beliefs
Purity of Scripture
Justification by Faith Alone
Consubstantiation
Spread North to Scandanavia

8. The Peasant Revolt

9. The Spread of Lutheranism

10. Calvin’s World in the 16c

11. Ulrich Zwingli Ulrich Zwingli Location Beliefs Impact Switzerland
Infant Baptism/Symbolic Eucharist
Literal interpretation of the Bible
God is spiritually present in mass
“Priesthood of all believers”
Marburg Colloquy: Last chance for Reform Unity
Zwingli assassinated: Civil war
Principalities split
New religion: Influences Calvinism

12. John Calvin John Calvin Location Beliefs Impact France/Geneva
Pre-destination
Symbolic Transubstantiation
Increased women’s rights
Model Society after Scripture
Reformed Geneva: Strict Moral Code
Safe Haven for Protestants
Attractive new Religion- Calvinism
Future Conflict with Lutherans

13. Following the history of the earliest church recounted in the New Testament book, The Acts of the Apostles , Calvin divided church organization into four levels:
Pastors: These were five men who exercised authority over religious matters in Geneva;
Teachers: This was a larger group whose job it was to teach doctrine to the population.
Elders: The Elders were twelve men (after the twelve Apostles) who were chosen by the municipal council; their job was to oversee everything that everybody did in the city.
Deacons: Modeled after the Seven in Acts 6-8, the deacons were appointed to care for the sick, the elderly, the widowed and the poor.

14. Protestant Churches in France (Late 16c)

15. Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
The Anabaptists
Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

16. The English Reformation
Lutheran ideas smuggled into England, Influence Cramer and Cromwell
Henry marries Catherine of Aragon: Papal Dispensation
Lacks male heir, Henry becomes obsessed: Female Mary
Wants to remarry
Ann Boleyn

17. The Reformation Parliament
Submission of the Clergy
Act of Succession
Act of Supremacy
Henry is conservative: Upholds Catholic Doctrine (Six Articles)
Legacy: Years of Conflict
Edward VI, Protestant
(Dies after 6 years)
Mary, Catholic (Bloody Mary)
Elizabeth, Tolerant Protestant

18. Reformation Europe (Late 16c)

19. Counter Reformation by the R.C.C.
Initial Response
Reforms
Impact
Ignore the Reformation and stay away from it
Excommunicate, kill, burn people who didn’t believe in R.C.C.
No spiritual reforms
Clergy returned to diocese
No longer sell benefices
New church orders- Jesuits/
Ignatius of Loyola
Spiritual Exercises
R.C.C. loses some political power
Some Protestants turn back to Catholics
Italy, Spain, West Ireland Catholic Strongholds

20. Baroque Art: A Catholic Tool to Combat the Reformation

21. Lasting Consequences of the Age of Religious Reform?