1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Background to the Reformation
Popes competed with Italian princes for political power.
Like the princes, Popes led lavish lives
To finance the church and support the Popes the clergy sold indulgences
Indulgences could be bought from the church and would lessen the time the soul spends in purgatory.

3. Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change
In 1517 a German Monk, Martin Luther triggered a revolt against the Catholic Church.

4. Johann Tetzel
In 1517 Tetzel, who was a priest, set up a pulpit outside of Wittenberg, Germany and sold indulgences for the living and the dead.
Who cannot afford an indulgent and therefore cannot go to heaven?

5. Martin Luther Attacks..
Martin Luther argues that indulgences have no basis on the Bible and that the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory.
Writes and distributes the 95 Theses, even nails a copy to the church doors.

6. In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
Charles V, the new Holy Roman Emperor calls Luther to the Diet (assembly of princes).
Charles V asked Luther to recant and he refused
Why did Luther refuse to retract his statements?

7. Lutheranism
Forbids indulgences, confessions, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints.
The bible is the only truth and people need to read and interpret it themselves.
1530 Lutherans began to call themselves Protestants because they protested papal authority

8. The Peasant’s Revolt
Erupted in Germany as peasants demanded reform and an end to serfdom
The Peasant’s Revolt grew violent and Martin Luther denounced the revolt
Tens of thousands died

9. Peace of Augsburg
1555 each prince was allowed to decided what religion-Catholic or Lutheran, their kingdom would be.

10. Calvinism
John Calvin was born in France and a well trained priest and lawyer
Calvin preached predestination
Calvin set up a Swiss city-state in Geneva, the government was made up of church leaders

11. Anabaptists Reject infant baptisms
Sought radical change like abolishing private property
Baptists, Mennonites and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

12. Henry the VIII
Wanted an annulment because he had only one surviving daughter, Mary Tudor.
Henry the VIII wanted to marry a young noblewoman and have a male heir with her.
The Pope refused to grant the annulment
Henry VIII takes over the church of England and passes the Act of Supremacy.
Henry marries the noble woman and she has a daughter Elizabeth I.
Read segment on page 429 Elizabeth I in the text

14. Many English Catholics are opposed to the Act of Supremacy and are therefore beheaded, including Sir Thomas Moore.
Henry orders the Catholic convents and monasteries to close because they are “immoral”. He gives the land to his nobles.
1547 Henry Dies, leaves the throne to 9yr old Edward VI, he dies in his teens.

15. Mary Tudor Determined to return England to the catholic faith
Mary dies in 1558, the throne goes to Elizabeth I

16. Elizabeth I Elizabethan Settlement- a series of reforms in England
Restored The Book of Common Prayer
Her practices were the common ground between Protestants and Catholics
She returned England to mostly Protestant beliefs.

17. The Catholic Reformation
1530’s Pope Paul III sets out to revive the Catholic faith in Europe and end corruption in the papacy by using serious penalties.

18. Council of Trent
In 1545 established the direction of the Catholic Church
Declared that salvation comes from faith and good works
Ended abuses in the Catholic Church

19. Finding the Jesuits
Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, drew up a strict code for Jesuits or Society of Jesus
Jesuits became advisors to Catholic leaders
By the 1500s and 1600s persecution was widespread. Tens of thousand died during witch hunts.
Their main goal was to defend, restore, and spread the Catholic Faith

20. Persecuting Jews
1516 Venice ordered Jews to live in separate quarters called the ghetto.
During the Reformation restrictions on people of the Jewish faith increased.

21. Venn Diagram Judaism God, Yahweh Abraham- their leader
Settled Canaan- later exiled for 1,800 years
Christianity
God
Jesus or Christ
Few Christians live in Southwest Asia today but still is considered Christian holy place.

22. Islam
God- Allah
Muhammad, born in Mecca and later fled to Medina
His sacred writings are in the Koran
All Three
Monotheistic
Started with one leader
All have sacred writings.

23. Martin Luther implies that the invention of the printing press was essential to the spread of new ideas during the Reformation, the invention of printing was due to God’s grace. Luther believed that everyone should have equal access to God through faith and the Bible and it should be printed in vernacular. Access to printed materials helped to make faith possible to everyone.

24. In the Middle Ages, the Church granted indulgences for money
In the Middle Ages, the Church granted indulgences for money. Many humanist Christians saw this practice as another example of Church abuse. Martin Luther’s 95 Theses against indulgences ignited the Protestant reform movement.

25. Henry VIII, the king of England, had a daughter by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. However, he wanted a male heir to the throne. Since the Catholic Church did not allow divorce, Henry asked for an annulment. The pope refused, Henry then established the Act of Supremacy which allowed Henry as the head of the Church of England, now protestant.

26. Martin Luther and John Calvin are outraged by the sale of indulgences by the Church, both feel they are church abuses. Martin Luther thought Christians could only be saved through reading the bible and faith. Calvin believed that God had predetermined who would be saved.