1. To Accompany “Economics: Private and Public Choice 10th ed.” James Gwartney, Richard Stroup, Russell Sobel, & David Macpherson Slides authored and animated by: James Gwartney, David Macpherson, & Charles Skipton Full Length Text — Micro Only Text — Part: Special Topic: Next page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Do Labor Unions Increase the Wages of Workers? 611 5 8

2. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Union Membership as a Share of the Work Force

3. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Union Membership Trend Since the mid-1950s, union membership has declined. It declined slowly as a share of the labor force during 1955-1970 It has fallen more rapidly during the last couple of decades. In 2000 union members comprised only 13.6% of non-farm employment

4. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Sources: Troy, L. & Sheflin, N. Union Source Book: Membership, Structure, Finance, Directory (West Orange, N.J.: Industrial Relations and Information Services, 1985); and Hirsch, B.T. & MacPherson, D.A. & Vroman, W.G. “Estimates of Union Density by State,” Monthly Labor Review, July 2001. Union Membership 30 % 35 % 20 % 15 % 10 % 5 % 1910 1920 19301940 1950 1960 1970 19802000 1990 Union Membership As A Share Of Nonagricultural Employment Between 1910 and 1935, union membership fluctuated between 12% and 18% of non-agricultural employment. Between 1935 and 1950, union membership increased sharply to nearly one third of the non-farm work force. Since the mid-1950’s, union membership has declined as a percent of non-farm employment. 13.6 %

5. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Causes of Union Decline Employment growth has been in sectors where unions have been weak. Small firms Sunbelt Services Competition has eroded union strength in several important industries Foreign competition has risen Deregulation has occurred in the transportation and communication industries

6. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Incidence of Union Membership – by race Union members as a share of group, 2000 White Black Hispanic Incidence of Union Membership – by sex Union members as a share of group, 2000 Men Women 15.2 % 11.5 % 11.4 % 17.1 % 13.0 % Union membership is higher among men than women...... and higher for blacks than for whites and Hispanics. Unionization by Group

7. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Incidence of Union Membership – by Sector Private Government Union members as a share of group, 2000 Incidence of Union Membership – by Occupation Operators, fabricators, & laborers Precision production, craft, & repair Service Technical, sales, & clerical Union members as a share of group, 2000 9.0 % 37.5 % 19.8 % 21.9 % 9.4 % 8.6 % Unionization by Group By occupation, technical, sales, clerical, and service workers are far less likely to be unionized than craft, operator, and repair workers. Last, unionization among government employees is nearly four times that of private sector workers.

8. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. * Indicates state has a right-to-work law. Source: Barry T. Hirsch and David A. MacPherson, Union Membership and Earning Data Bank Book: Compilations from the Current Population Survey, 2001 Edition (Washington D.C.; Bureau of National Affairs, 2001), Table A. * North Dakota * Arizona * South Dakota * Georgia * Virginia * Texas * Arkansas * Mississippi * South Carolina * North Carolina 6.5 % 6.4 % 5.5 % 6.3 % 5.6 % 5.8 % 6.0 % 4.0 % 3.6 % States with Lowest Union Incidence Incidence of Union Members as a Share of all Wage and Salary Employees

9. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. * Indicates state has a right-to-work law. Wisconsin17.6 % Hawaii24.8 % New York25.5 % States with Lowest Union Incidence Alaska21.9 % Michigan20.8 % New Jersey20.8 % Illinois18.6 % Minnesota18.2 % Rhode Island18.2 % Washington18.2 % Incidence of Union Members as a Share of all Wage and Salary Employees Source: Barry T. Hirsch and David A. MacPherson, Union Membership and Earning Data Bank Book: Compilations from the Current Population Survey, 2001 Edition (Washington D.C.; Bureau of National Affairs, 2001), Table A.

10. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. How Can Unions Influence Wages?

11. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. How Can Unions Increase Wages for Members? Restrict the supply of competitive inputs, including nonunion workers. Apply bargaining power enforced by a strike or a threat of one. Increase the demand for the labor services of union members.

12. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. w0w0 D E0E0 S0S0 Employment Price (wage) Supply Restriction E1E1 Supply Restrictions & Bargaining Power Without a union restricting the supply of labor, equilibrium wage and employment levels are E 0 and w 0 respectively. w1w1 After restricting the supply of labor, the new higher wage level W 1 results in both a lower level of employment E 1 and an excess supply of labor. S1S1 The impact of higher wages obtained by restricting supply is similar to that obtained through simple bargaining power. Excess supply

13. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Employment Price (wage) w0w0 D E0E0 S0S0 Bargaining Power w0w0 E1E1 D E0E0 S0S0 Supply Restrictions & Bargaining Power After employing bargaining techniques, a new higher wage level W 1 with a lower level of employment, E 1 results. Again, an excess supply of labor results. Employment Price (wage) w1w1 E1E1 w1w1 Supply Restriction Excess supply Despite the different means, the same end results. S1S1 Now let us consider the same market where bargaining power is used to establish a wage above equilibrium where the starting employment and wages are E 0 and w 0 respectively. Excess supply

14. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. What Gives a Union Strength?

15. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. What Gives a Union Strength? If a union is to be strong, the demand for union labor must be inelastic. This will enable the union to obtain large wage increases while suffering only modest reductions in employment. Demand for union labor is inelastic when: There is an absence of good substitutes for the services of union employees. The demand for the product produced by the union labor is highly inelastic. The union labor input is a small share of the total cost of production. The supply of available substitutes is inelastic.

16. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Wages of Union and Non-Union Employees

17. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Unions and Wages Studies suggest that the wage premium of union members relative to similar nonunion workers increased during the 1970s. Since the late 1970s, the union-nonunion wage differential has been in the 17% to 20% range.

18. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. 1950-541955-581967-701971-751976-791980-821983-891990-00 Wage Premium of Union Workers Relative to Similar Non-Union Workers Sources: Lewis, H.G. Unionism and Relative Wages in the United States: An Empirical Inquiry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963); and Lewis, H.G. Union Relative Wage Effects: A Survey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). The 1983-1989 and 1990- 2000 figures are from Hirsch, B.T. and MacPherson, D.A. Union Membership and Earnings Data Book: Compilations from the Current Population Study, 2001 edition (Washington D.C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, 2001). Wage Premium of Union Workers 11 % 15 % 12 % 15 % 18 % 20 % 19 % 17 % Most studies indicate that the wages of union workers have been between 18% and 20% higher than those of similar non-union workers during the past two decades. This union-nonunion wage differential is slightly higher than during the 1950’s and 1960’s.

19. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Profits and Employment If unions increase the wages of unionized firms above the competitive market level, then profits will fall unless productivity rises. Unions have tended to reduce profits. Low profitability causes unionized firms to grow slowly or decline. The growth of productivity and employment tend to lag in the unionized sector. Resources shift away from unionized operations and toward nonunion firms.

20. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Impact of Unions on Wages of all Workers

21. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Unions and Labor’s Share Unions increase the wages of their members but there is no evidence that they have increased the wages of all workers. The share of national income going to labor (human capital rather than physical capital) has been about the same through both expansions and declines in union membership as a share of the work force. The real wages of workers are a reflection of their productivity rather than the share of the work force that is unionized.

22. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Questions for Thought: 1. The Retail Clerks Union has organized approximately one-third of the department stores in a large metropolitan area. Do you think the union will be able to significantly increase the wages of its members? Explain. 2. "Unions provide the only protection available to working men and women. Without them, employers would be able to pay workers whatever they wanted." -- Is this statement true or false?

23. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Questions for Thought: 3.Suppose that the United Automobile Workers (UAW) substantially increases wages in the auto industry. What impact will the higher wages in the auto industry have on: a.wages of nonunion workers outside the automobile industry b.the price of automobiles made by the UAW c.demand for foreign-produced automobiles d.profitability of U.S. automobile manufacturers

24. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. Questions for Thought: 4. Even though the wage scale of union members is substantially greater than the minimum wage, unions have generally been at the forefront of those lobbying for higher minimum rates. Why do you think unions fight so hard for a higher minimum wage?

25. Jump to first page Copyright 2003 South-Western Thomson Learning. All rights reserved. End Special Topic 11