1. Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole

2. Cells Cell membrane- not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what passes into and out of the cell Nucleus- is the controlling structure of the cell and directs cellular reproduction, structure and function Chromosomes- rod-like structure within nucleus; all humans have 23 pair or 46 individual (exception: Down syndrome) Karatype- chromosome “map” or sequence

3. Cells Genes- region in chromosome that have an orderly sequence and composed of DNA  DNA- regulates the activities of cell Cytoplasm- (cyt/o=cell, -plasm=formation) is all the material outside of the nucleus and enclosed by the cell membrane Mitochondria- small, sausage-shaped bodies that are the energy producer of the cell by burning food in the presence of oxygen (catabolism: cata=down, bol=to cast, -ism= process)

4. Cells Endoplasmic Reticulum- network of canals that are like tunnel systems in which proteins are manufactured for cellular use or building up of complex materials (anabolism: ana=up, bol= to cast, -ism=process) Anabolism + Catabolism= Metabolism: (meta=change, bol=cast, -ism, process)

5. Differences in Cells Muscle Cells- long and slender and contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing Epithelial Cells- square and flat and provides protection (skin) Nerve Cells- long and fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impluses Fat Cells- contains large empty spaces for fat storage

6. Tissues Tissue- group of similar cells that work together to do a specific job  Histologist- (hist/o=tissue) scientist who studies tissues *Epithelial- located all over body and forms the linings of internal organs, makes up exocrine and endocrine glands and forms skin NOTE: epithelial can describe tissue above breast of nipple OR tissues that cover outside of body and lines internal organs

7. Tissues Organs are tissues that are composed of several types of tissues.  Viscera- term for internal organs SYSTEMS: groups of organs working together to perform complex functions *There are 10 body systems (pg 38)

8. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Major parts of the cell. Fi g. 2- 1.         

9. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. (From Behrman RE, Vaughn VC III [eds]: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 13th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1987, page 28.) Karyotype of a normal male. Fi g. 2- 3.         

10. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Types of cells. Fi g. 2- 5.         

11. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Body cavities. Fi g. 2- 6.         

12. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Divisions of the thoracic cavity. Fi g. 2- 7.         

13. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Abdominal cavity (side view). Fi g. 2- 8.         

14. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities (anterior view) Fi g. 2- 9.         

15. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Organs of the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities (posterior view). Fig. 2- 10.         

16. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Abdominopelvic regions. Fig. 2- 11.         

17. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Abdominopelvic quadrants. Fig. 2- 12.         

18. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Anatomical division of the back. Fig. 2- 13.         

19. Copyright © 2001 by W. B. Saunders Company. All rights reserved. Fig. 2- 14.     