1. Announcement Response Questions due in Section on Friday

2. The Politics of Judicial Review I. Traditional European Model of Review A. Judicial Review: none for ordinary judges B. Separation of Powers: Judicial Inferiority C. Hierarchy of Norms: Statute/Code Law

3. II. New Constitutionalism A. Origins: Hans Kelsen B. Basic Elements 1. Written Constitution 2. Constitution gives power to people 3. Legislative Authority & Constitution 4. Rights system: Constitutional Court

4. Common Law (US Model) Civil Law (Trad. Europe) Civil Law (Europe Today) Judicial Review yesNo for ordinary judges No: ord. Judges Yes: CC judges Separation of Powers 3 co-equal branches Judicial inferiority -Jud. Infty -separate CC Hierarchy of Norms ConstitutionStatute/ Code law Constitution

5. III. 3 Types of Review by Constitutional Courts A. Abstract Review 1.Govt writes law 2.Parliament adopts law 3.Opposition Party refers law to the CC 5. Govt. and Parliament implement CC ruling 4. CC reviews the law Parliament Const. Court

6. (III. 3 Types of Review by Constitutional Courts, cont.) B. Concrete Review by ordinary court 1. Dispute arises between 2 individuals 2. Case comes before ordinary court. Judge refers to CC as the case raises a constitutional question. 4. Court applies the CC ruling 3. CC resolves the dispute and sends back to court. Ordinary Court Constitutional Court Disputants

7. (III. 3 Types of Review by Constitutional Courts, cont.) C. Concrete Review by individual complaint 1. Individual has a claim, and exhausts all judicial remedies 2. Makes a claim on grounds of unconstitutionality before the CC 3. CC rules on the case Individual Constitutional Court

8. GermanySpainItalyFrance Abstract Review Yes Concrete Review by court Yes No Concrete Review by individual Yes No

9. Question: Evaluate the 3 forms of Constitutional Review found in Europe. State which form you think might have a more continuous/ongoing impact on policymaking by the legislature and why.

10. IV. The Political Effects of Constitutional Review by Constitutional Courts A. Formal (direct) Legislative Impacts 1. Annulment: invalidate entire law 2. Partial Annulments 3. Constitutional Surveillance & Binding Interpretation

11. (IV. The Political Effects of Constitutional Review, cont.) B. Indirect Political Effects (prospective, indirect, creative effect) 1. Anticipatory Reaction Definition: The Govt. and Parliamentary majority change their behavior in anticipation of how Const. Court wants them to act. 2. Corrective Revision Definition: The re-elaboration of a censured text in conformity with the Cons. Crt’s case law in order to adopt legislation.