2. Figure 4.0 Protein

3. Figure 4.1 Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds under “early Earth” conditions

4. Figure 4.2 The shapes of three simple organic molecules

5. Figure 4.2x Shapes of Molecules Methane Ethane Ethene

6. Figure 4.3 Valences for the major elements of organic molecules

7. Figure 4.x1 Urea

8. Figure 4.4 Variations in carbon skeletons

9. Figure 4.4x Hydrocarbons: molecular models Butane Isobutane Hexane Cyclohexane

10. Figure 4.5 The role of hydrocarbons in fats

11. Figure 4.6 Three types of isomers

12. Figure 4.6ax Structural isomers

13. Figure 4.7 The pharmacological importance of enantiomers

14. Table 4.1 Functional Groups of Organic Compounds

15. Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones

16. Figure 4.8x1 Estrone and testosterone

17. Figure 4.8x2 Male and female mallards

18. Figure 4.8x3 Male and female peacocks

19. Figure 4.8x4 Male and female sage grouse

20. Figure 5.0 Spider’s web made of protein

21. Figure 5.1 Building models to study the structure and function of macromolecules

22. Figure 5.2 The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

23. Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

24. Figure 5.3x Hexose sugars Glucose Galactose

25. Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose

26. Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis

27. Figure 5.5x Glucose monomer and disaccharides Glucose monomer Sucrose Maltose

28. Figure 5.6 Storage polysaccharides

29. Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures

30. Figure 5.7b,c Starch and cellulose structures

31. Figure 5.7x Starch and cellulose molecular models  Glucose  Glucose Starch Cellulose

32. Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls

33. Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha

34. Figure 5.x2 Cellulose digestion: cow

35. Figure 5.9 Chitin, a structural polysaccharide: exoskeleton and surgical thread

36. Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

37. Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

38. Figure 5.11x Saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids: butter and oil

39. Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid

40. Figure 5.12x Phospholipid

41. Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments

42. Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid

43. Figure 5.14x Cholesterol

44. Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions

45. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: nonpolar

46. Figure 5.15 The 20 amino acids of proteins: polar and electrically charged

47. Figure 5.16 Making a polypeptide chain

48. Figure 5.17 Conformation of a protein, the enzyme lysozyme

49. Figure 5.18 The primary structure of a protein

50. Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

51. Figure 5.19x Sickled cells

52. Figure 5.20 The secondary structure of a protein

53. Figure 5.21 Spider silk: a structural protein

54. Figure 5.21x Silk drawn from the spinnerets at the rear of a spider

55. Figure 5.22 Examples of interactions contributing to the tertiary structure of a protein

56. Figure 5.23 The quaternary structure of proteins

57. Figure 5.24 Review: the four levels of protein structure

58. Figure 5.25 Denaturation and renaturation of a protein

59. Figure 5.26 A chaperonin in action

60. Figure 5.27 X-ray crystallography

61. Figure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick

62. Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin

63. Figure 5.28 DNA  RNA  protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

64. Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

65. Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication

66. Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships