1. + Biochemical Compounds You are what you eat!!

2. 1. What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells? 2. How does the structure of each macromolecule contribute to their function within cells? 3. What are the 4 major types of biochemical reactions and why are they important to normal cellular function? Essential Questions:

3. Carbon: The Central Atom What’s so special about ? The diversity of life relies on carbon!!! Virtually all chemicals of life are carbon based (exceptions – e.g., H 2 O, CO 2 ) – called organic compounds. It can form four covalent bonds (H, O, N, P, S, C) C-C bonds enable carbon to form a variety of geometrical structures (e.g., straight chains, branched chains, rings) Methane CH 4 Ethane C 2 H 6 Benzene C 6 H 6 + CH 2 + C 4

4. Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What’s so special about ? Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Fructose (fruit sugar) Galactose (milk sugar) C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose (simple sugar) Example: C C C C C C C C C Metabolized by cells differently due to structure Structural isomers

5. Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What’s so special about ? Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Structural isomers Same atoms, bonded differently Stereoisomers Same atoms, Same bonds, Differently arranged in space GeometricalOptical

6. Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What’s so special about ? Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Stereoisomers Same atoms, Same bonds, Differently arranged in space Geometrical Optical Carvone

7. Macromolecules What is the relationship between atoms, bonding and macromolecules? Atoms Bonds Molecules Macromolecules join together that form that form large structures called

8. Macromolecules and their subunits Monomer ++=Polymer=Macromolecule smaller subunits long chain of monomers glucose glycogen

9. Carbon Compounds include Which are made of which contain Which are made of which contain CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Macromolecules and their subunits 1 2 3 4 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function ENERGY STORAGE long-term CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION

10. Carbon Compounds include Which are made of which contain Which are made of which contain CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic acids Proteins Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Carbohydrates 1 2 3 4 Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage Groupings: C, H, and O atoms (1 : 2 : 1 ratio) Two types: 1. Simple Carbohydrates 2. Complex Carbohydrates ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function (4 cal/g)

11. Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms is called a monosaccharide. (mono = one, saccharide = sugar) Broken down quickly in the body to release energy. e.g., GLUCOSE – hexose (six-carbon) sugar with 7 energy-storing C-H bonds Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose) C 6 H 12 O 6 (ring structure – when dissolved in water) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Primary source of energy used by all cells

12. MONOSACCHARIDES QUIZ: Select the formula that represents a monosaccharide C 4 H 8 O 4 C 5 H 10 O 10 C 6 H 6 O 12 C 6 H 6 O 6

13. Making & Breaking Carbohydrates Condensation (dehydration) synthesis Hydrolysis Two important biochemical reactions monosaccharide + disaccharide (di = two)

14. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) Starch Granules (purple) in Potato Cells Starch = energy storage in plants Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage Contain many units of glucose in long chains Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose

15. Glycogen = energy storage in animals Glycogen (red) in Hepatocytes (liver cells) Glucose (monomer) Glycogen (polymer) Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) liver muscle

16. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) Cellulose = polysaccharide found in plant cell walls Cellulose fibers Macrofibril Microfibril Chains of cellulose

17. Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) What is the difference between starch and cellulose? Starch Cellulose

18. Starch Cellulose Glucose repeat units are facing the same direction Each successive glucose unit is upside-down in relation to each of the glucose molecules that it is connected to Both polymers Same repeat base Same monomer (glucose) Stronger (good for building)Weaker Enzymes to digest Cannot digest (no enzymes) Insoluble (fiber / roughage) Soluble

19. Which are made of which contain Which are made of which contain CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, 1 2 3 4 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function ENERGY STORAGE long-term CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION Lipids (fats) Animal fat (solid @ room temp) Plant oils (liquid @ room temp) Main Function: long-term energy storage Special Feature: contain more energy per gram than any other biological molecule (9 cal/g) Groupings: Mostly C and H atoms (hydrocarbons) Types: 1. Fats and oils 3. Steroids 2. Phospholipids 4. Waxes

20. Structure of Lipids (fats) Glycerol Fatty acids 1 2 3

21. Adipocytes (rat) Glycerol FA = TG (Triglyceride) Courtesy of Dr. Ceddia – York University TG Lipid droplet

22. 1 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function Making and Breaking Lipids (fats) Fats and oils are called triglycerides because of their structure Condensation Synthesis Hydrolysis What functional groups are present on the glycerol and fatty acid molecules? + 3 H 2 O Ester linkage

23. SaturatedUnsaturatedPolyunsaturated # of double bonds between carbons Orientation State at Room Temp. Origin Which are better for you? Example Types of Fatty Acids

24. SaturatedUnsaturated Poly - unsaturated # of Double Bonds between Carbons None (contains maximum # of H atoms) At least one double bond between carbon atoms Several double bonds Types of Fatty Acids

25. Fewer hydrogens – “unsaturated”

26. SaturatedUnsaturated Poly - unsaturated Orientation of Fatty Acids Straight chains Kinks / bends at the double bonds Types of Fatty Acids

27. CH 2 -CH =CH BEND DUE TO DOUBLE BOND Types of Fatty Acids

28. SaturatedUnsaturated Poly - unsaturated Examples butter,lard olive oil, vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil Types of Fatty Acids

29. Trans Fat Types of Fatty Acids Taking a perfectly good fat and making it bad! Addition of hydrogen atoms to the acid, causing double bonds to become single ones. (unsaturated becomes saturated) LDL HDL

30.  Fat derivatives in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen- containing molecules.  an important part of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Phospholipids

32. Nitrogen-containing group

33. The phospholipid can also be represented as: Polar Head – hydrophilic (water-loving) Non-Polar Tails (fatty acids) – hydrophobic (water-hating) Phospholipids

34. Testosterone Steroids consist of 4 fused carbon rings Cholesterol Precursor for other steroids Component of animal cell membranes Contributes to atherosclerosis Steroids

35. Proteins Carbon Compou nds include Which are made of which contain Which are made of which contain CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Proteins Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Amino Acids Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, 1 2 3 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function ENERGY STORAGE long-term CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION TypesFunction/Example EnzymaticAcceleration of chemical reactions E.g., digestive enzymes, cellular respiration StructuralCollagen & elastin, keratin in hair and nails TransportTransport of other substances E.g., hemoglobin transports O 2 to cells HormonalCellular communication E.g., insulin secreted by the pancreas ContractileMovement E.g. actin and myosin in muscle cells DefensiveProtect against disease E.g., antibodies combat viruses and bacteria Proteins are essential parts of living organisms and participate in virtually every process in cells.

36. Proteins and their subunits Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins Amino Acid Structure Amino Group Carboxyl (acid) Group Any one of the 20 different side-chains

37. Proteins and their subunits Examples of amino acids Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18

38. Proteins and their subunits 20 Major Amino Acids Types of Amino Acids Nonpolar Polar Polar/Acidic Polar/Basic Amino acids each have their own unique chemical properties. Some dissolve in water – some do not. This is essential for transport and storage. Fig. 1.14B, pg. 18 8 are considered “essential” 1. Phenylalanine 2. Valine 3. Threonine 4. Tryptophan 5. Isoleucine 6. Methionine 7. Leucine 8. Lysine The other 12 1. Glycine 7. Glutaimine 2. Alanine 8. Histidine 3. Proline 9. Tyrosine 4. Serine 10. Aspartic acid 5. Cysteine 11. Glutamic acid 6. Asparagine 12. Arginine

39. Making and Breaking Proteins Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds - a special covalent bond found in proteins + H2OH2O Dipeptide Peptide bond

40. Making and Breaking Proteins A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide Condensation synthesis two amino acids join (dipeptide) a peptide bond is formed a water molecule is formed Hydrolysis water is added a peptide bond is broken amino acids are split apart Gly Lys Phe Arg Ser H 2 N- end -COOH end Peptide Bonds

41. Making and Breaking Proteins A chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide Gly Lys Phe Arg Ser H 2 N- end -COOH end Peptide Bonds The type of protein is determined by: sequence of polypeptides orientation in space 3-D shape

42. Four levels of protein structure: Primary - exact sequence of amino acids before folding. Secondary - simple folding create simple structures. Tertiary - folding results in complex 3D structures. Quaternary - multiple 3D subunits organized into a bigger structure. Sulfhydryl (-SH) functional groups can form disulfide (-S-S) bonds which contribute to a proteins tertiary structure.

43. Hemoglobin Carries oxygen in the blood - It's made up of 4 specific 3D subunits Proper protein function depends on correct 3D structure. Any change in the specific primary structure can cause the protein to fold differently. A different shape can lead to a different function (or lack of proper function). Sickle cell anemia is an example.

44. Which are made of which contain Which are made of which contain CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids Nucleotides Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus Nucleic Acids main function ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of chains of nucleotides. Nucleic acids carry genetic information Types: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)

45. Types of Nucleic Acids 1 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function DNA Long-term storage of hereditary information Carries genetic instructions or “blueprints” for building parts of the cell Segments of DNA are responsible for carrying genes (genetic information), have structural purposes, or regulate the use of genetic information RNA Involved in the process of transcribing genetic information from DNA into proteins Protein synthesis (the process of making proteins) is carried out by organelles called ribosomes, which take “instructions” from RNA

46. DNA & RNA Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogen base (A, G, C, or T/U) (A, G, C, or T/U) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose or ribose)

47. DNA 1 ENERGY STORAGE short-term main function Nitrogen Base (A,T,G or C) “Rungs of ladder” “Legs of ladder” Phosphate & Sugar Backbone Double Helix

48. DNA Nitrogen Bases PURINESPURINES Adenine (A) 1.Adenine (A) Guanine (G) 2.Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES Thymine (T) 3.Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) 4.Cytosine (C) U or C A or G

49. RNA Nitrogen Bases PURINESPURINES Adenine (A) 1.Adenine (A) Guanine (G) 2.Guanine (G) PYRIMIDINESPYRIMIDINES Uracil (U) 3.Uracil (U) Cytosine (C) 4.Cytosine (C) U or C A or G

50. Adenine ThymineAdenine must pair with Thymine GuanineCytosineGuanine must pair with Cytosine G C TA DNA

52. P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA Hydrogen bonds

53. +

54. DNA Structure Compared to RNA Structure DNARNA SugarDeoxyriboseRibose BasesAdenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine StrandsDouble stranded with base paring Single stranded HelixYesNo