1. Organization: The 6 Essential Elements
Unit 4

2. “giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller molecules
Flashcard Warm-up
Buffer
A chemical that is resistant to change in pH. These chemicals help regulate the pH in living things and maintain homeostasis.
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Macromolecules
“giant molecules” made of hundreds to thousands of smaller molecules
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3. Essential Life Elements - Inorganic
Inorganic: Carbon is NOT present
Water = H2O
60-90% of all living organisms are made of water.
Salts = often donate trace elements and
influence the environment of the cell
Na+ Cl-

4. pH Scale- Acid: pH range 0-6.9; H+ ions form in a solution
Base: pH range 8-14; OH- ions form in a solution

5. Buffers
Maintain homeostasis by regulating the pH within a living organism.
We have buffers in our blood to keep
the pH regulated in a narrow range of
These are examples of artificial “buffers” we use

6. Ahhhhh – just the right pH!
Buffers Regulate pH
Not enough hydrogen? Here’s another H atom!
Too much hydrogen? I’ll hold a hydrogen atom!
Ahhhhh – just the right pH!
Buffers can donate hydrogen
Buffers can accept hydrogen.

7. Buffers can only regulate a pH below 7 on the pH scale.
Ticket out the Door
Salt water has a pH between is this considered an acid, base or neutral substance?
2. Sally has been exercising in excess and there is a increase of lactic acid in her blood which is causing a decrease in pH. How will the buffers found in Sally’s blood respond?
True or False – If you answer false correct the
statement to make it true.
Buffers can only regulate a pH below 7 on the pH scale.

8. Subunit Mono & Poly Flashcard Warm-up
A large object can be made of many smaller parts called subunits.
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Mono & Poly
Prefixes that mean “one” and “many”

9. Organic
Organic compounds must contain Carbon and the presence of Hydrogen; Oxygen may also be present
Examples: CH4 = Methane
C6H12O6 = Glucose
CO2 = Inorganic

10. The “Core Four” Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

11. Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates
Elements: (CHO)
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Monomer (subunit) = Monosaccharides (glucose)
Many monosaccaharides make up a carbohydrate

12. Functions of Carbohydrates:
Provide energy through Cellular Respiration
Structure and support in the cell and body
Carbohydrate chains on surface act like name tags for cells

13. Polysaccharides:
In plants STARCH is formed from many monosaccharides bonded together
In animals GLYCOGEN is excess glucose bonded together (similar to starch)
CELLULOSE makes up the plant cell wall

14. Examples: Glucose - monosaccharide -simple sugar
Sucrose – disaccharide – table sugar
Starch – polysaccharide - corn

15. Organic Macromolecules Lipids
Elements:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Subunit:
glycerol and fatty acids
Triglyceride = 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

16. Lipids Functions of lipids Long term energy source
Ex. Bears accumulate a layer of fat before winter (when food will be less available)
Insulation and protection for internal organs.
Some hormones are composed of lipids (steroids).

17. Lipids Examples: Saturated – solid at room temp.
Bacon fat, butter
Unsaturated – liquid at room temp.
Olive oil, vegetable oil
Phospholipids – make up cell membrane

18. Ticket out the Door
Decide whether the following compounds are considered organic or inorganic.
H2O
C12H22O11
Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in animals.
Excess carbohydrates are stored as ______ in plants.
List two functions of a Lipid.

19. The subunit of a carbohydrate. Ex. glucose
Flashcard Warm-up
Monosaccharide
The subunit of a carbohydrate. Ex. glucose
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Protein
Made of amino acids and perform many functions for living things. For instance they build certain parts of organisms (hair, nails, muscle) and they can be enzymes, which speed up reaction rates.
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20. Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, N, and P
Monomer (subunit): Nucleotide

21. Functions of Nucleic Acids:
DNA makes up genes which determine our traits through the synthesis of proteins
RNA helps produce proteins

22. Examples of Nucleic Acids
DNA – double strand of nucleotides
RNA – single strand of nucleotides

23. Protein
Elements: CHNOPS
Monomer (subunit): Amino Acids

24. Function of Proteins
Proteins function is determined by shape. Responsible for structural parts, transport, communication, antibodies, pigments, and enzymes

25. Examples of Proteins Chlorophyll pigment that absorbs light in plants
Hemoglobin transports oxygen
Hormones used for communication
Keratin found in hair and nails

26. Ticket out the Door
What are the three substances that make up a nucleotide?
List one function of Nucleic Acids.
What is the monomer of a protein?
The protein hemoglobin is a major component of a red blood cell and transports O2 throughout the body. If the shape of hemoglobin were to change what type of consequences would this cause?

27. Enzyme Substrate Flashcard Warm-up
A protein that is a biological catalyst and speeds up chemical reactions. An enzyme is shaped to fit with only one specific substrate. Three factors can affect enzymes: temperature, pH, and salinity.
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Substrate
A reaction starts with the substrate. During the reaction, it is changed and becomes the products.

28. Enzymes Characteristics:
Shape Specific = only work on specific reactions
Biological Catalysts = speed up reactions
Reusable =will repeat its role

29. Enzymes
Functions
Lowers Activation Energy (energy needed to start a reaction)
Maintain homeostasis by catalyzing (speeding up) chemical reactions

30. Enzymes (Include in margin)
Denature: Enzyme changes shape and will not function; can be caused by salinity, temp, pH.

31. Synthesis Reaction + + Product Enzyme Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme

32. Decomposition Reaction
Substrate
Product 1
Product 2 +
Enzyme
Enzyme-Substrate Complex

33. Indicators: chemicals or tools that indicate a substance is present by changing color.
pH paper: test presence of acid or base
Iodine: solution that changes from a brown to blue or black in the presence of starch (a carbohydrate)

34. Indicators
Benedicts: Tests for presence of glucose (simple sugar); color change from a blue to yellow or red
Biuret: Tests for the presence of a protein; color change from blue to pink-purple
Brown Paper bag test: Tests for presence of lipids; bag get translucent.

35. Ticket out the Door Enzymes are a type of which organic molecule?
How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?
If a protein becomes denatured, What does this mean?
What type of organic molecule does the Iodine test for?