1. Bio 10: Intro to Biology Instructor: Paul Nagami Laney College
Large Molecules and Living Things, Part 2
Bio 10: Intro to Biology Instructor: Paul Nagami Laney College
Sept. 6, 2013

2. Agenda Administrative Stuff Review: Monomers and Polymers
Lactose Intolerance, Continued
Proteins
What Proteins Do (function)
What Proteins are Made of (structure)
DNA
What DNA Does (function)
What DNA is Made of (structure)
Wrap-up

3. “Human beings are made of acids.”
Challenge Statement
“Human beings are made of acids.”
Agree or disagree?

4. Monomers and dimers Dimer Monomer
Macromolecules are often made of repeating pieces.
Each piece is a monomer. Sticking two monomers together makes a dimer.
Dimer
Monomer
two + pieces
one + piece
Glucose

5. Polymers Dehydration builds polymers. Hydrolysis breaks polymers.
water + breaking

6. Test Your Memory On your index card, please name...
1) One example of a monomer, and where it can be found.
2) One example of a dimer, and where it can be found.
3) One example of a polymer, and where it can be found.
4) One example of a lipid, and where it can be found.
Discuss your guesses briefly with a neighbor.

7. Lactose Intolerance
Disaccharide
Monosaccharide

8. Lactase: A Protein
(Image Credit: chemicalconnection.org.uk)
Proteins are responsible for most chemical reactions in your body!
Proteins that drive chemical reactions are called enzymes.

9. Explain!
When people with lactose intolerance drink normal milk, they can get flatulence and indigestion.
However, drinking lactase-treated milk does not usually result in these symptoms.
On your index card, please explain why this is the case, discussing your answer with your neighbor.

10. Proteins Do Almost Everything

11. Protein Structure Strands of the protein keratin.
Let’s zoom in even closer... what are these helices (corkscrews) made out of? What holds them together?

12. Covalent and Hydrogen Bonds!
Monomers!
Proteins are polymers, like carbohydrates!

13. What Makes Proteins Different from Each Other?

14. Primary Structure: Proteins Are Amino Acid Polymers (Chains)
Imagine unfolding a protein chain…
You would be able to look at the individual monomers.
These monomers are amino acids.

15. One Amino Acid Can Make a Big Difference!
Let’s zoom in even more… what are amino acids made of?

16. Amino Acids Amine functional group (has N) Acidic functional group
Test yourself: Which part of the amino acid could come off in water to make an ion?

17. Amino Acids Can Release H+

18. “Human beings are made of acids.”
Challenge Statement
“Human beings are made of acids.”
Agree or disagree?

19. Assembling Proteins Peptide bond = bond between amino acids
Polypeptide = many amino acid monomers! (Polymer)
Why don’t we call amino acids “monopeptides?” Because they don’t have a peptide bond.
(You can have a dipeptide, though.)

20. Levels of Protein Structure
Secondary
Primary
Tertiary
Quaternary

21. What Causes Lactose Intolerance?
DNA’s function: Instructions to make proteins, such as lactase!

22. Gene = Unit of Protein Coding

23. Nucleic Acids (DNA/RNA)
Adenine
Monomer of nucleic acid = nucleotide

24. The Double Helix

25. Whew!