1. Macromolecules

2. Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. –This is different from organic foods in the grocery store. Compounds that do not contain CARBON are called inorganic.

3. Organic Compounds Macromolecules organic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules. Bio-moleculesBio-molecules are the macromolecules of life

4. Carbon (C) Carbon4 outer electronsCarbon has 4 outer electrons Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane)

5. Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERS –Also called POLYMERS. (poly = many) MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. (mono = one) 4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules:4 Major Macromolecules/Bio-molecules: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

6. Carbohydrates

7. Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Building Block:Building Block:monosaccharide Types of Carbs A. monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide

8. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit aka: simple sugars Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseriboseFructoseGalactose glucose

9. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar units Examples: –Sucrose (glucose + fructose) –Lactose (glucose + galactose) –Maltose (glucose + glucose) glucoseglucose

10. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

11. Functions of Carbohydrates  Broken down as a source of energy  Part of cell structure

12. Carbohydrates Starches: serves as plant energy storage (think potatoes)Starches: serves as plant energy storage (think potatoes) –Glucose monomers joined together, branched Glycogen: serves as animal energy storageGlycogen: serves as animal energy storage –Glucose monomers joined together, straight Cellulose: structural component in plantsCellulose: structural component in plants –Cannot be broken down by humans

13. Carbohydrates

14. Lipids

15. LIPIDS BUILDING BLOCK: FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL ELEMENTS: C H O (NO RATIO but there will be more C’s and H’s)

16. FATTY ACID AND GLYCEROL H H-C----O H glycerol fatty acid O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

17. Lipids not soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are not soluble in water. (non-polar) LIPIDS ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES----DO NOT DISSOLVE IN POLAR SUBSTANCES (OIL/WATER) are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. (phobic=fear, hydro=water)

18. Examples of LIPIDS 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid/ Hormones 6. Triglycerides

19. Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

20. Lipids Five functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against water loss 4.Chemical messengers (hormones) 5.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

21. Fatty Acids fatty acids (carbon chains) There are two kinds of fatty acids (carbon chains) you may see on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated Solid fats! Liquid oils!

22. Proteins

23. Proteins (Polypeptides) Basic building block= Amino Acid There are 20 amino acids (your body makes 12 amino acids)There are 20 amino acids (your body makes 12 amino acids) Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

24. Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino Acids Made of carbon bonded to a carboxyl group (-), an amine group (+), a hydrogen, and an R-group.Made of carbon bonded to a carboxyl group (-), an amine group (+), a hydrogen, and an R-group. Variation between amino acids comes from different R-groups.Variation between amino acids comes from different R-groups. Amino Acids are linked together by peptide bonds.Amino Acids are linked together by peptide bonds.

25. Proteins (Polypeptides) Six functions and examples of proteins:Six functions and examples of proteins: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin (blood) 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Enzymes:cellular reactions

26. Protein: Primary Structure peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

27. Protein: Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

28. Protein: Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, covalentBonds: H-bonds, ionic, covalent Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

29. Protein: Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” enzymesExample: enzymes subunits

30. Nucleic Acids

31. Building Block: Nucleotides ELEMENTS: C H O N P

32. Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: phosphate group sugar DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose nitrogenous bases

33. Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

34. Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) **stores genetic information** b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) **builds proteins**

35. DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA