1. Aim: What are functional groups?

2. Isomers Compounds that have the same molecular formula but have different structural formulas and different names; isomers have different chemical & physical properties

3. Questions 1. Which compound is an isomer of pentane? 1. butane 3. methyl butane 2. propane 4. methyl propane 2. Which compounds are isomers? 1. CH 3 OH and CH 3 CH 2 OH 3. CH 3 CH 2 CHO and CH 3 COCH 3 2. CH 4 and CCl 4 4. CH 3 CH 2 OH and CH 3 CH 2 COOH

4. Aromatic Hydrocarbons hydrocarbons that contain one or more benzene rings or closed chains in their structure

5. Functional Groups (Table R) an atom or group of atoms that replace hydrogen within a hydrocarbon and give the organic compound unique characteristics/properties

6. Halides (Halocarbons) when a HALOGEN (group 17 element such as F, Cl, Br, I) replaces Hatom in an alkane – state the location of the halogen along the carbon chain on lowest # carbon 2-methyl-2-fluoroprpane

7. Alcohols one or more of the H’s replaced by an –OH (hydroxyl) group Ends in “ol” state the location of the –OH along the carbon chain (using lowest # location!) alcohols are NOT BASES (ionic) –are NONELECTROLYTES and are polar & soluble in water

8. Alcohols

9. Ethers look for -O- bridging two hydrocarbon chains name two branches off the –O- then add “ether” to the end of the name if both branches are the same use “di (insert type of branch) ether”

10. Aldehydes carbonyl group (-C=O) found at END of hydrocarbon chain “-e” at end of alkane is replaced by “–al”

11. Ketones carbonyl group (-C=O) located on an INTERIOR CARBON atom (within the chain) “-e” at end of alkane replaced by “–one” must cite the location of the –C=O in the carbon chain Very similar to aldehydes – BEWARE!

12. Organic acids Carboxyl group found at terminal carbon Hydrocarbon ending “–e” replaced with “–oic” then add “acid” as second word in the name Generate H+ ions in solution ==> ELECTROLYTES

13. Esters Contains connecting parent chain to branch hydrocarbon chain containing is the parent chain replace the “-e” at the end of the name with “- oate.” hydrocarbon chain single-bonded to oxygen is the branch name as you would any other branch known by their strong fragrant aromas (ex: wintergreen)

14. Esters

15. Amines “N” alone (w/ only H’s) seen within the carbon chain Amine group can be a branch – Number the carbon with the amine group, name the parent chain, replace the “-e” at the end of the name with “-amine.” Amine group can be within the carbon chain – Name exactly the same as you would an ether, except substitute the word “amine” for “ether.” (See Table R)

16. Amines

17. Amides Contains group; can be at the terminal position or connecting a parent chain to a branch Follows rules for ester when the amide group is within the chain

18. Amides

19. Properties of Functional Groups Hydrocarbons with functional groups have higher b.p. and m.p. than alkanes. Alcohols, acids, ethers, aldehydes, and ketones are slightly polar; therefore, they are slightly soluble in water.

20. Organic Reactions Substitution: – Replacement of one kind of atom or group by another kind of atom or group – Only happens in alkanes – Results in two products

21. Organic Reactions Addition: – Adding one or more atoms at a double or triple bond – Happens in alkenes and alkynes – Results in one product

22. Organic Reactions Fermentation: – Glucose is broken down into ethanol and carbon dioxide by enzymes

23. Organic Reactions Esterification: – Acid and alcohol produce ester and water

24. Organic Reactions Saponification: – Ester breaking up into acid and alcohol – Reverse esterification – Produces fat – Fat + strong base  soap + glycerol (ester) (salt of acid) (alcohol)

25. Organic Reactions Combustion: – Hydrocarbons react with O 2 (g) to form CO 2 and H 2 O

26. Organic Reactions Polymerization: – Joining smaller molecules (monomers) together to form one big molecule (polymer) – Used in the formation of plastics Amino acid + amino acid + amino acid  protein Monomer monomer monomer polymer

27. Condensation Polymerization Monomers joining together by dehydration synthesis (removing water)

28. Addition Polymerization Monomers joining together by breaking a double or triple bond to form a polymer

29. Questions The reaction CH 2 CH 2 + H 2 -> CH 3 CH 3 is an example of 1. substitution 2. addition 3. esterification 4. fermentation

30. Questions The products of the fermentation of sugar are ethanol and 1.water 2.oxygen 3.carbon dioxide 4.sulfur dioxide

31. Questions What type of reaction is CH 3 CH 3 + Cl 2 -> CH 3 CH 2 Cl + HCl? 1.an addition reaction 2.a substitution reaction 3.a saponification reaction 4.an esterification reaction

32. Questions What substance is made up of monomers joined together in long chains? 1.ketone 2.protein 3.ester 4.acid