1. 3.2 Molecules of Life
(Show PPT w/clips)
What four main classes of organic compounds are essential to life processes?
carbs
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

2. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include:
Small sugar molecules in soft drinks
Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

3. Carbohydrates tend to have the ratio of 1C:2H:1O
-monosaccharides is a carb monomer.
This simple sugar is 1:2:1 and the general formula is (CH2O)n
n is a whole number from 3 to 8
So, (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6
The most common sugars/monosaccharides are:

4. Cellular Fuel
Monosaccharides are the main fuel that cells use for cellular work
ATP

5. Monosaccharides: Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactose
Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6

6. Glucose=cell energy
Fructose=fruit sugar
Galactose=milk sugar
All three have the same formula but have difference structures. These are known as Isomers pg 55

7. Monosaccharides Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruits
Honey contains both glucose & fructose
Galactose is called “milk sugar”

8. Isomers
Glucose & fructose are isomers because they’re structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same

9. Disaccharide is 2 monomers in a condensation reaction. Fruc. + Gluc
Disaccharide is 2 monomers in a condensation reaction. Fruc. + Gluc. = Sucrose.
Polysaccharide is complex with 3 or more monosaccharides.

10. Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)

11. Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose (Grain sugar)

12. Disaccharides Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules
Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose
Maltose is composed of 2 glucose molecules
Lactose is made of galactose + glucose
GLUCOSE

13. Starch Starch is an example of a polysaccharide in plants
Plant cells store starch for energy
Potatoes and grains are major sources of starch in the human diet

14. Glycogen Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals
Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen
Glycogen is similar in structure to starch

15. Proteins- organic compounds composed mainly of C,H,O, & N
Proteins are formed from amino acids linked together.
20 diff. Amino acids. Amino acids have basically the same structure except their R group. See page 56.

16. Q- The R groups give proteins their different shapes
Q- The R groups give proteins their different shapes. What do the different shapes allow it to do?
Two amino acids = Dipeptides
Long amino chains = Polypeptides
Condensation reaction of two or more amino acids yields a peptide bond and a water molecule release.

17. Proteins Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell

18. Four Types of Proteins
Storage
Structural
Contractile
Transport

19. Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works
Cooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

20. ENZYMES
ENZYMES- RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Enzymes are specific to the substrate that they will fit.
The enzyme reduces the activation energy needed by weakening or breaking bonds. Changes in pH, Temp, etc may cause the enzyme to not be as effective.

21. Proteins as Enzymes
Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction

22. Enzymes Enzymes are globular proteins.
Their folded conformation creates an area known as the active site.
The nature and arrangement of amino acids in the active site make it specific for only one type of substrate.

23. Enzyme + Substrate = Product

24. LIPIDS
LIPIDS- large, nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water. They include Triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Waxes, and Pigments.
These have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen to oxygen that carbs do. Because of this high ratio of C-H bonds, they store more energy.

25. FATTY ACIDS- unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
FATTY ACIDS- unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids. These have long carbon chains with a –COOH carboxyl group.
Due to the –COOH polarity, it is Hydrophilic or attracted to water molecules and the opposite end is Hydrophobic. Pg 59
Q-What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

26. Types of Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acids have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)
Saturated fatty acids have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons)

27. Types of Fatty Acids Single Bonds in Carbon chain
Double bond in carbon chain

28. Triglyceride Monomer of lipids
Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains
Glycerol forms the “backbone” of the fat
Organic Alcohol

29. TRIGLYCERIDES -saturated=butter and fats -unsaturated =found in plant seeds for germination
Triglycerides- composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol.

30. Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)

31. Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)

32. Fats
Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains
Fatty Acid Chain
Glycerol
Dehydration links the fatty acids to Glycerol

33. FAT SUBSTITUTES were approved by the FDA in 1996
FAT SUBSTITUTES were approved by the FDA in It passes through the body without being digested or absorbed. For some, it created cramps, diarrhea, and loss of fat-soluble vitamins and betacarotene. Try to weigh the benefits of this against the side effects. What do you think?

34. Food Eating Contest and Fats Video Clip

35. PHOSPHOLIPIDS-have 2 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol
PHOSPHOLIPIDS-have 2 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol. How is this different than Triglycerides? They have a phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol. Our cells have a cell membrane that is composed of two layers of phospholipids called the LIPID BILAYER. It acts like a club bouncer and only allows certain things in and out of the cell. Pg 59.

36. WAXES-a type of structural lipid that is a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain. They are waterproof. What benefits do plants have by having a cuticle that is a waxy layer on its leaves? Why do we have earwax?

37. STEROIDS
STEROIDS- composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups. We have natural steroids in our body.
It is not just what sports players use.
What are our natural steroids?

38. Steroids
The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
Estrogen
Testosterone
Estrogen & testosterone are also steroids

39. Cholesterol Clip

40. Synthetic Anabolic Steroids
They are variants of testosterone
Some athletes use them to build up their muscles quickly
They can pose serious health risks

41. 20 Amino Acid Monomers

42. NUCLEIC ACIDS- complex organic molecules found in our DNA and RNA.
RNA can also act like an enzyme.
DNA and RNA are polymers with thousands of monomers called nucleotides. They contain a phosphate group, five carbon sugar, and ring shaped nitrogen base.

43. Nucleic Acids Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteins
Two types exist --- DNA & RNA

44. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nucleotide
Nitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
Phosphate
group
Thymine (T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
Nucleotide

45. Bases Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)