1. Carbon and Organic Chemistry
Carbon is a versatile atom.
Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules necessary for life’s functions.
Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules.
Structural
formula
Ball-and-stick
model
Space-filling
model

2. Carbon and Organic Chemistry
Variations in Carbon skeletons
Carbon skeletons vary in length
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched
Carbon skeletons may have double bonds,
which can vary in location
Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings

3. Hydrocarbons Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines.
Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.

4. Chemical Components of Cells
*structural isomers
*geometric isomers
*enantiomers
Example of enantiomers:

5. Carbon and Organic Chemistry
The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton
These atoms are called functional groups
Some common functional groups include:
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Found in alcohols
and sugars
Found in amino acids
and urea in urine (from
protein breakdown)
Found in amino acids,
fatty acids, and some
vitamins
Found in sugars

6. Macromolecules *most macromolecules are polymers polymer monomer
The making and breaking of polymers:
Dehydration reaction:
Hydrolysis: 6

7. MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS
Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs to function
They are the most elaborate of life’s molecules
MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS
Structural Proteins
Storage Proteins
Contractile Proteins
Transport Proteins
Enzymes 7

8. Proteins as Polymers
Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond
Side
group
Side
group
Amino acid
Amino acid
Dehydration
synthesis
Side
group
Side
group
Peptide bond 8

9. Amino Acids

10. Protein Structure Primary structure1 5
The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different 15 10 35 30 25 20 45
Primary structure 40 50 55 65 60 70
The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein 85 80 75 95
100 90
110
115
105
120
125
129
Amino acid 10

11. Protein Structure
A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function
The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease 2 3 6 1 4 5
(a) Normal red blood cell
Normal hemoglobin 1 2 3 6 4 5
(b) Sickled red blood cell
Sickle-cell hemoglobin 11

12. Macromolecules
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure

13. Macromolecules
Quaternary structure
How does this all happen?
●Spontaneously ●Chaperonins