1. pg. 50

2. Elements  Element – substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances

3. Four elements of life  There are 4 basic elements that make up 96% all living things: Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon HONC

4. Compounds  Compounds – two or more different elements NaCl – sodium and chlorine (table salt)

5. Mixtures and Solutions  Mixture – substances are combined, but keep their own properties (sand and sugar)  Solution (homogenous mixtures) – one substance is dissolved in another, can be separated by distillation (water and sugar)

6. Review: Mixtures and Solutions  kool-aid is an example of a: _________  Colors of M&M’s is an example of a: __________

7. pH  pH – a measure of how acidic or basic something is

8. Acids and Bases  Acid – substance with a pH below 7  Base – substance with a pH above 7 A solution is neutral if the pH is exactly 7

11. Mini-Quiz 1.) An orange has a pH of 4, acid or base? 2.) A battery has a pH of 2, acid or base? 3.) Soap has a pH of 9, acid or base? 4.) Sugar in tea is a mixture or solution? 5.) Salt and pepper is a mixture or solution? 6.) What does HONC stand for?

13. Quiz 1. 4 elements of life: Hydrogen, carbon, _________, _________ 2. You stir together flour and sugar for a cake. What is this an example of? 3. An orange has a pH of 6.3. Is this an acid or base? 4. CO 2, H 2 O, and NO 2 are examples of ___________ 5. Give 2 examples of a starch: 6. What are the 4 biomolecules of life? 7. What do proteins make for your body? 8. What pH is neutral? 9. _________ changes the rate of a chemical reaction. 10. Why are lipids important to living things?

14. Review (pg. 15)  The 5 Characteristics of Life  The 5 steps of the Scientific Method  Hypothesis  Homeostasis  Reproduction  Adaptation  The different between a mixture and a solution  The difference between an acid and a base  The 4 basic elements (HONC)  The 4 important biomolecules and why they’re so important to living things  Starch/Cellulose  Enzymes

15. Pg. 51

16. Carbohydrates 1.) Carbohydrate – a sugar, starch, or cellulose that is a source of energy for an animal or plant

17. Monomer- Saccharides  Starch – used to store energy in plant cells (like potatoes) that we can eat to get carbs  Glucose/Fructose – complex sugars

18. List 5 sources of carbohydrates:  Cereal  Bread  Desserts  Rice  Pasta, macaroni  Potatoes  French Fries  Beans  Pancakes  Cake

19. Carb Diets (Facts)  Carbs are only needed if you’re doing LOTS of athletic activities. Otherwise, you can get your daily energy from protein.  There are good carbs, like from fruits, veggies, and whole grains. Starchy carbs from potatoes, bread, and rice are harder to burn.  Watch empty carbs. Soda’s and cookies that have carbs are adding extra pounds with no energy given to your body.

20.  carbohydrates carbohydrates

21. Lipids 2.) Lipids – fat, oil, wax, steroids are all lipids - can’t dissolve in water!  Important: they store energy, keep us warm, and protect organs

22. List 5 sources of lipids:  Cooking oil  Fried foods  Egg yolk  Whole milk  Junk food  Medical steroids  Illegal steroids  Cheese

23. Fat Facts  Check labels for the word Hydrogenated, these are very bad and lead to heart problems  Limit saturated fats like fatty meats and whole milk  Calories are the best thing to watch, not carbs. Very fatty fried foods are low in carbs, but very high in calories

24.  Lipids video Lipids

25. Nucleic Acids 4.) Nucleic acid – stores cellular information in a code The most common nucleic acids are DNA and RNA

26. List 5 sources of nucleic acids:  Any living (or formally living) thing!  Meat  Plants

27. video  NucleicAcids NucleicAcids

28. Proteins 3.) Protein is an important part of every cell in the body. Hair, claws, horns, nails are made of protein. Your body uses protein to build and repair tissues. Protein is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. Some hormones are proteins

29. Amino acids- Monomers of proteins  There are 20 amino acids  They combine to form all of the proteins.

30. Enzymes  Enzymes - important proteins, change the rate of a chemical reaction (speed up)

31. Enzyme-substrate interaction

32. Enzyme activity .  enzymes enzymes

33.  Chicken  Steak  Fish  Ham  Bacon  Sunflower seeds  Peanuts  Peanut butter  Pork chop List 5 sources of Proteins

34. Protein Facts  The best protein is found in fish, chicken, nuts, and beans Red meat (like steak) often has too much fat to make the protein worth it  Eating protein doesn’t automatically make muscle. Exercise makes muscle, protein provides the fuel.  You should eat around 5-6 ounces, 7 ounces if you’re building muscle.

35. Video  Proteins Proteins

36. Quiz 1. Which carbohydrate has two sugars? 2. You stir together flour and sugar for a cake. What is this an example of? 3. An orange has a pH of 6.3. Is this an acid or base? 4. Give two examples of a starch. 5. Name one reason why lipids are important? 6. List the 4 biomolecules of life. 7. Name one reason proteins are essential to life. 8. CO 2, H 2 O, and NO 2 are examples of ___________ 9. What does cellulose form? 10. List the 4 basic elements of living things.

37. pg. 36

38. Water  Water is sticky! Water molecules hold onto each other very tightly They do this using a hydrogen bond

39. Water Bonds Most important: allows water to creep up small tubes, like plant stems ○ Even the tallest trees get water

40. Diffusion  Diffusion – movement of particles from an area of higher concentration, to an area of a lower concentration

41. Diffusion  Diffusion is slow because it relies on random movements  After a while the substance becomes balanced in both areas, then diffusion stops

43. Diffusion in life  Diffusion is one of the ways cells move things in and out of the cell

44. Cell’s  Selectively permeable – the cell membrane allows some things in and keeps other things out Uses diffusion!

45.  Diffusion Examples  1.  2.  3

46. Examples:  Purfume  Smell of food

48. Atoms  Atoms – smallest particle of an element The basic building blocks of all matter

49. Parts of an Atom  Nucleus – the center of an atom, it is made up of: Protons – positively charged particles Neutrons – particles with no charge  Electrons – circle around the nucleus, are negatively charged

50. Parts of an Atom Electron Nucleus -- protons -- neutrons