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1 Example of addition polymers. 2 Synthetic and Biological Polymers Polymers: Macromolecules formed by the covalent attachment of a set of small molecules.

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Presentation on theme: "1 Example of addition polymers. 2 Synthetic and Biological Polymers Polymers: Macromolecules formed by the covalent attachment of a set of small molecules."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 Example of addition polymers

2 2 Synthetic and Biological Polymers Polymers: Macromolecules formed by the covalent attachment of a set of small molecules termed monomers. Polymers are classified as: (1)Man-made or synthetic polymers that are synthesized in the laboratory; (2)Biological polymer that are found in nature. Synthetic polymers: nylon, poly-ethylene, poly-styrene Biological polymers: DNA, proteins, carbohydrates

3 3 Methods for making polymers Addition polymerization and condensation polymerization Addition polymerization: monomers react to form a polymer without net loss of atoms. Most common form: free radical chain reaction of ethylenes n monomersone polymer molecule

4 200 °C 2000 atm O 2 peroxidespolyethylene H2CH2CH2CH2C CH 2 Free-Radical AdditionPolymerization of Ethylene

5 polypropylene H2CH2CH2CH2C CHCH 3 CHCHCHCHCHCHCH CH 3 Free-Radical Polymerization of Propene

6 ..RO.. H2CH2CH2CH2C CHCH 3 Mechanism

7 H2CH2CH2CH2C CHCH 3.. RO: Mechanism

8 H2CH2CH2CH2C CHCH 3.. RO: Mechanism CHCH 3 H2CH2CH2CH2C

9 H2CH2CH2CH2C H2CH2CH2CH2C.. RO: Mechanism

10 H2CH2CH2CH2C CHCH 3 H2CH2CH2CH2C.. RO: Mechanism CHCH 3 H2CH2CH2CH2C

11 H2CH2CH2CH2C H2CH2CH2CH2C H2CH2CH2CH2C.. RO: Mechanism

12 H2CH2CH2CH2C CHCH 3 H2CH2CH2CH2C H2CH2CH2CH2C.. RO: Mechanism CHCH 3 H2CH2CH2CH2C

13 Likewise... H 2 C=CHCl  polyvinyl chloride H 2 C=CHC 6 H 5  polystyrene F 2 C=CF 2  Teflon

14 14 Important constitutions for synthetic polymers

15 15 Supramolecular structure of polymers

16 16 Structural properties of linear polymers: conformationa l flexibility and strength

17 17 Cross linking adds tensile strength

18 18 Condensation polymerization Condensation polymerization: the polymer grows from monomers by splitting off a small molecule such as water or carbon dioxide. Example: formation of amide links and loss of water Monomers First unit of polymer + H 2 O

19 19

20 20 Supramolecular Structure of nylon Intermolecular hydrogen bonds give nylon enormous tensile strength Hydrogen bonds between chains

21 21 Biopolymers Nucleic acid polymers (DNA, RNA) Amino acids polymers (Proteins) Sugar polymers (Carbohydrates) Genetic information for the cell: DNA Structural strength and catalysis: Proteins Energy source: Carbohydrates

22 Proteins: amino acid monomers The difference between amino acids is the R group The basic structure of an amino acid monomer

23 23

24 24 Proteins: condensation polymers Formed by condensation polymerization of amino acids Monomers: 20 essential amino acids Glycine (R = H) + Glycine First step toward poly(glycine) General structure of an amino acid R is the only variable group

25 25 Representation of the constitution of a protein

26 26 Three D representation of the structure of a protein

27 DNA

28 28 The monomers: Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Phosphate- Sugar (backbone) of DNA

29 29 Phosphate- sugar backbone holds the DNA macromolecule together

30 30 One strand unwinds to duplicate its complement via a polymerization of the monomers C, G, A and T

31 Carbohydrates

32 32

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