1. Heat Stress Lessons Learned and Reducing the Impact 134 Call Hall Manhattan, KS 66560-1600 785-532-1207 mbrouk@ksu.edu Dr. Micheal Brouk OABP Spring Meeting April 13 & 14, 2011 Guelph, Ontario

2. Background and Experience  Family farm in Missouri - Crop production  20 years service to feed industry and university  Currently Associate Professor & Extension Dairy Specialist  General nutritionist – KSU Dairy  28.901 lb/cow rolling herd milk production  989 lb/fat per cow  861 lb/protein per cow

4. 15 to 20 pound drop each summer !!!! How long does it last?

5. Average Daily Milk NY Holstein Herds

6. Effective Temperature  Air Temperature  Relative Humidity  Air Movement  Solar Radiation Buffington, 1983

7. Heat Stress  Reduce Feed Intake  Increased Water Intake  Increased Respiration Rate  Increased Evaporated Water Loss  Increased Body Temperature  Changes in Metabolic Rate & Hormones è Reduced Milk and Reproduction Armstrong & Welchert, 1994

8. Methods to Reduce Heat Stress  Shade  Fans  Misting  Evaporative  Zone  Air conditioning

17. Cost Vs. Quality If you can see your shadow, spend more money!!!

18. Absorption of Solar Radiation 5450 BTU/Hr 84 o F & 21% HumidityTHI = 73 (Armstrong and Hillman, 1998)

19. Shade Design  Orientation  North-South  Allows shade to travel  38 - 50 ft 2 /cow)  11.5 - 14.5 ft tall  Material  Cost Vs Shade Quality  Useful Life

20. Where to Shade?  Holding Pen  Resting Area  Feed Area  Order is important!!!!!!

21. Nonevaporative Cooling Evaporative Cooling Respiratory Tract Evaporative Cooling Outer Body Surface

22. Effect of Sprinkling Frequency and Supplemental Air Movement on Respiration Rate KSU Cow Comfort Consortium 2001 (Brouk, M.J., J.F. Smith and J.P. Harner, III)

23. Effect of Sprinkling Frequency and Fan Cooling on Udder Skin Temperature KSU Cow Comfort Consortium 2001 (Brouk, M.J., J.F. Smith and J.P. Harner, III)

24. Message for conventional barns  Cooling is a combination of  Soaking cycles u Temperature Dependent –Increased Frequency of soaking with increased temperature  Increased air movement

26. Holding Pen Factors  Duration  2x (1hr)3x (.75 hr)4x (.5 hr)  Density  Increase in Heat Load  Rapid increase in body temperature  Cooling effective u Decreased Body Temperature 3 o F u Increased Milk 1.75 lb/c/d (Wiersma & Armstrong, 1983)

27. Holding Pen Cooling  Fans  1000 ft 3 /min/cow  30-36 inch =10,000 - 12,000 cfm)  1 per 10 cows or 150 ft 2  Spacing  Holding Pen Width <24 ft u Sidewalls6-8 ft  Holding Pen Width >24 ft u Perpendicular to cows u 6-8 ft u Rows 20 ft (36 in) or 40 ft (48 in) Harner, 1999

28. Sprinklers  Wet the Cow  Dry the Cow  Prevent Excess Water  Design  0.03 gal/ft 2  8 x 8 ft grid  Water Hose Harner, 1999

31. 2000 Study 36” Fan over stalls & feedline 36” Fan over feedline

32. Average Milk Production P<.01

33. Economic Analysis of Cooling Systems Four-Row Barn FF + S Additional Feed Cost, $/pen 1,3982,516 Gross Income, $/pen 6,73012,114 Total Annual Expense, $/pen 3,0745,420 Net Return, $/pen 3,6566,693

35. Missed Opportunity = Lower Production!!! Last 5 pounds of milk most profitable!!!!!!

36. Quick TeeJet ® Nozzle Body, Check Valve and Cap Turbo FloodJet ® Nozzle – TF-VP5 ($1.50) Quick TeeJet Cap and Gasket 25600-1-NYR ($0.60) Nozzle Body and Check Valve QJ8360-NYB ($3.54) Total Cost $5.64

38. Cooling the Air

39. Evaporative Cooling  Effective in Arid Conditions  Evaporate Water in Air  Decrease Temperature  Increase Humidity  Evaporation Rate Function of Temperature and Humidity

40. 40 Evaporative Cooling

41. 41 Cellulose Evaporative Pad WATER AIR

42. Potential THI Change Due to Water Evaporation in a Low Relative Humidity Environment KSU Cow Comfort Consortium 2001 (Brouk, M.J., J.F. Smith and J.P. Harner, III)

43. Potential THI Change Due to Water Evaporation in a High Relative Humidity Environment KSU Cow Comfort Consortium 2001 (Brouk, M.J., J.F. Smith and J.P. Harner, III)

44. 44 Low Profile Cross Ventilation

45. 45 Low Profile Cross Ventilation

46. 46 Two 5 foot evaporative pads – 10 ft wide x 360 ft long Winter inlet – parlor transfer lane Air inlet with an evaporative pad

47. 47 Average Temperature – LPCV July 17 to August 16, 2007

48. 48 Water Usage Per Cow Per Day  24 hr Fence Line Soaker u 8’ nozzle spacing, 120 cycles per day (1 on – 11 off)  0.5 gpm – 15 gal/dy/cow  1.0 gpm - 30 gal/dy/cow  16 hr Evaporative Pad u 0.33 gal/hr / sq ft pad area  4.5 sf/cow – 24 gal/dy/cow (8 row )  2.75 sf/cow - 15 gal/dy/cow (16 row )

49. Advantages of Cross Ventilation  Increased cow density  Control of cow environment  Improved feed efficiency  Ease of construction  Improved efficiency of water use

50. Disadvantage of Cross-ventilation  Energy usage  Maintenance – Pads and Fans  Lighting  Day/night patterns  Issues with door damage  Summertime vs Winter Ventilation  Cow vs people

51. Pad Maintenance Maintain Air Flow Cleaning Replacement

54. Impact of Evaporative Pad on Temperature KSU Maternity Barn (07/25 to 08/31/07) Hourly averages based on 432 data points

55. Impact of Evaporative Pad on THI KSU Maternity Barn (07/25 to 08/31/07) Hourly averages based on 432 data points

56. Impact of Evaporative Pads on Vaginal Temperatures of Close-up Cows

57. Summary  Cow Comfort and Heat Stress Affects  Cow Intake  Milk Production  Reproduction  Profit  Key Issues  Heat Accumulation  Periods of Heat Exchange  Working with what you have  React to the response of the cow