1. 5.4 Phase diagrams of binary systems Φ min =1, F max =3 C=2, F=2-Φ+2=4-Φ Predict by phase law: Three dimentional diagram T, P, x Intercepting plane graph---two dimentional diagrams T, P, x ----- (T, x) p, (P, x) T or (T, P) x

2. Contents Liquid-liquid  Miscible  Partly-miscible  Immiscible Liquid-solid  Water-salt Solid-solid

3. 5.4.1 Phase diagram of miscible binary systems 5.4.1.1 Ideal mixed systems: Two components both follow Raoult’s Law. ( ) T, P-x, A+B

4. ( ) T, P-y, A+B

5. ( ) T, P-x-y xAxA Liquid P Vapour Φ=2 F=2-2+1=1(P) liquid Liquid/ Vapour A is more volatile than BB is more volatile than A

6. ( ) P T-x

7. x1x1x1x1 d T3 d’ x2 TA*TA* x3x4 T c T2 c’ a a’ b T1 b’ A B TB*TB* x1x1x1x1 Ｔ1Ｔ1Ｔ1Ｔ1 x2x2x2x2 Ｔ2Ｔ2Ｔ2Ｔ2 x3x3x3x3 Ｔ3Ｔ3Ｔ3Ｔ3 x2x2x2x2 x3x3x3x3 x4x4x4x4 A The composition variation in the distillation process How would it be in an closed system?

8. P-x ， liquid(upper line)- gas(lower line) Getting T-x phase diagram from P-x Relating P-x and T-x phase diagram T-x ， gas(upper line)-liquid(lower line)

9. 5.4.1.2 The Lever rule C, total amount of the systems DE （ tie line ） isothermal

10. Phase equilibrium variation at constant temperature ---the level rule

11. 5.4.1.3 The principle of distillation Simple distillationT T 1 T T2 Separate a volatile liquid from a non-volatile solute or solid

12. Theoretical plates: the number of effective vaporization and condensation steps that are required to achieve a condensate of given composition from a given distillate Fractional distillation

15. 5.4.1.4 Non-ideal solutions

16. P-x and T-x phase diagrams of non-ideal miscible binary systems

17. Azeotropes Low-boiling azeotrope

18. 351.28K ， 95.57  Low-boiling azeotrope

19. The maximum azeotropic point High boiling azeotropes 381.65 K HCl 20.24 

21. Homework Y: P161 17, 18 A: P215 8.5(a), 8.6(a) Preview: Y: 5.5,5.6, 5.7 A:8.5, 8.6