1. Higgs, Less Higgs, Higgsless or more Higgs? ITEP Winter School Otradoe, February 2012 John Ellis, King’s College London & CERN

2. Plan of the Lectures The Higgs boson in the Standard Model Less Higgs or Higgsless? Higgs and Supersymmetry

3. Summary of the Standard Model Particles and SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) quantum numbers: Lagrangian:gauge interactions matter fermions Yukawa interactions Higgs potential

4. Status of the Standard Model Perfect agreement with all confirmed accelerator data Consistency with precision electroweak data (LEP et al) only if there is a Higgs boson Agreement seems to require a relatively light Higgs boson weighing < ~ 180 GeV Raises many unanswered questions: mass? flavour? unification?

5. Precision Tests of the Standard Model Lepton couplingsPulls in global fit

6. Open Questions beyond the Standard Model What is the origin of particle masses? due to a Higgs boson? + other physics? solution at energy < 1 TeV (1000 GeV) Why so many types of matter particles? matter-antimatter difference? Unification of the fundamental forces? at very high energy ~ 10 16 GeV? probe directly via neutrino physics, indirectly via masses, couplings Quantum theory of gravity? (super)string theory: extra space-time dimensions? Susy

7. Why do Things Weigh? 0 Wheredothemasses come from? Newton: Weight proportional to Mass Einstein: Energy related to Mass Neither explained origin of Mass Are masses due to Higgs boson? (the physicists’ Holy Grail)

9. Think of a Snowfield Skier moves fast: Like particle without mass e.g., photon = particle of light Snowshoer sinks into snow, moves slower: Like particle with mass e.g., electron Hiker sinks deep, moves very slowly: Particle with large mass The LHC looks for the snowflake: the Higgs Boson

10. The Higgs Mechanism Postulated effective Higgs potential: Minimum energy at non-zero value: Non-zero masses: Components of Higgs field: π massless, σ massive:

11. Masses for Gauge Bosons Kinetic terms for SU(2) and U(1) gauge bosons: where Kinetic term for Higgs field: Expanding around vacuum: Boson masses:

12. The Seminal Papers

13. The Englert-Brout-Higgs Mechanism Vacuum expectation value of scalar field Englert & Brout: June 26 th 1964 First Higgs paper: July 27 th 1964 Pointed out loophole in argument of Gilbert if gauge theory described in Coulomb gauge Accepted by Physics Letters Second Higgs paper with explicit example sent on July 31 st 1964 to Physics Letters, rejected! Revised version (Aug. 31 st 1964) accepted by PRL Guralnik, Hagen & Kibble (Oct. 12 th 1964)

14. The Englert-Brout-Higgs Mechanism Englert & BroutGuralnik, Hagen & Kibble

15. The Higgs Boson Higgs pointed out a massive scalar boson “… an essential feature of [this] type of theory … is the prediction of incomplete multiplets of vector and scalar bosons” Englert, Brout, Guralnik, Hagen & Kibble did not comment on its existence Discussed in detail by Higgs in 1966 paper

16. Nambu, EB, GHK and Higgs Spontaneous breaking of symmetry

17. A Phenomenological Profile of the Higgs Boson Neutral currents (1973) Charm (1974) Heavy lepton τ (1975) Attention to search for W ±, Z 0 For us, the Big Issue: is there a Higgs boson? Previously ~ 10 papers on Higgs bosons M H > 18 MeV First attempt at systematic survey

18. Higgs decay modes and searches in 1975: A Phenomenological Profile of the Higgs Boson

19. Couplings proportional to mass: –Decays into heavier particles favoured But: important couplings through loops: –gluon + gluon → Higgs → γγ Higgs Decay Branching Ratios

20. Constraints on Higgs Mass Electroweak observables sensitive via quantum loop corrections: Sensitivity to top, Higgs masses: Preferred Higgs mass: m H ~ 80 ± 30 GeV Compare with lower limit from direct searches: m H > 114 GeV No conflict!

21. The State of the Higgs in Mid-2011 High-energy search: –Limit from LEP: m H > 114.4 GeV High-precision electroweak data: –Sensitive to Higgs mass: m H = 96 +30 –24 GeV Combined upper limit: m H < 161 GeV, or 190 GeV including direct limit Exclusion from high-energy search at Tevatron: m H 173 GeV

22. Combining the Information from Previous Direct Searches and Indirect Data m H = 125 ± 10 GeV Gfitter collaboration

23. Latest Higgs Searches @ Tevatron Exclude (100,109); (156,177) GeV Standard Model prediction Experimental upper limit

24. Higgs Production at the LHC A la recherche du Higgs perdu …

25. Higgs Hunting @ LHC: Status on Feb. 8 th, 2012 Exclude 112.9 GeV to 115.5 GeV, 131 GeV to 238 GeV, 251 GeV to 466 GeV Exclude 127 to 600 GeV

26. Has the Higgs been Discovered? Interesting hints around M h = 125 GeV ? CMS sees broad enhancement ATLAS prefers 125 GeV

27. ATLAS Signals γγ: 2.8σ ZZ: 2.1σ WW: 1.4σ Combined: 3.5σ

28. CMS Signals Combined: 3.1 σ

29. Both compatible with m H = 125 GeV Are ATLAS & CMS seeing the Same Thing?

30. Has the Higgs Boson been Discovered? Evolution of signal from Dec. 2011 to Feb. 2012

31. Has the Higgs Boson been Discovered? Unofficial blogger’s combination NOT ENDORSED BY EXPERIMENTS but he was right last time !

32. Combining the Information from Previous Direct Searches and Indirect Data m H = 125 ± 10 GeV Erler: arXiv:1201.0695 m H = 124.5 ± 0.8 GeV Assuming the Standard Model

33. Do we already know the ‘Higgs’ has Spin Zero ? Decays into γγ, so cannot have spin 1 0 or 2? If it decays into ττ or b-bar: spin 0 or 1 or orbital angular momentum Can diagnose spin via angular correlations of leptons in WW, ZZ decays

34. The Spin of the Higgs Boson @ LHC Higher mass: angular correlations in H → ZZ decays Low mass: if H → γγ, It cannot have spin 1

35. Measuring Higgs Couplings @ LHC Current LHC hint @ M h = 125 GeV

36. For M h = 120 GeV Higgs Measurements @ LHC & ILC

37. STANDARD MODEL