1. Towards safe practice in instrumental vaginal delivery Leroy Edozien

2. Approximately 1 in 10 deliveries is instrumental

3. What could go wrong? Fetal complications Facial laceration Scalp laceration Facial nerve palsy Skull fracture Corneal injury Cervical spine injury Subdural haematoma Subgaleal haematoma Cephalhaematoma Retinal haemorrhage Hyperbilirubinaemia

4. King SJ, Boothroyd AE. Cranial trauma following birth in term infants. Br J Radiol 1998;71:233-8

5. What could go wrong? Maternal complications Cervical lacerationHaematoma Vaginal lacerationPerineal tear Psychological trauma

6. Avoiding harm Non-operative interventions Non-operative interventions Deciding when and when not to deliver instrumentally Deciding when and when not to deliver instrumentally Using the right operative techniques Using the right operative techniques

7. Non-operative interventions which reduce instrumental delivery rates One-to-one support in labour (Hodnett, 2003) One-to-one support in labour (Hodnett, 2003) Upright or lateral position (Gupta & Hofmeyr, 2003) Upright or lateral position (Gupta & Hofmeyr, 2003) Oxytocin for prolonged second stage (Saunders et al, 1989) Oxytocin for prolonged second stage (Saunders et al, 1989) Delayed pushing (Roberts et al, 2004) Delayed pushing (Roberts et al, 2004)

8. When and when not to deliver instrumentally Indications: Fetal compromise (actual or anticipated) Prolonged second stage Where down-bearing is to be avoided

9. When and when not to deliver instrumentally Absolute contraindications: Malpresentation Unengaged fetal head Cephalopelvic disproportion Fetal clotting disorder GA < 34 wk (ventouse)

10. Safe practice: prerequisites for instrumental delivery Fully dilated cervix Fully dilated cervix One-fifth or nil palpable abdominally One-fifth or nil palpable abdominally Ruptured membranes Ruptured membranes Contractions present Contractions present Empty bladder Empty bladder Presentation and position known Presentation and position known Satisfactory analgesia Satisfactory analgesia

11. Instrumental delivery before full cervical dilatation Crime or expedience? SOGC: ‘may be considered when benefits significantly outweigh risks’ RCOG: exceptions to the rule - cord prolapse at 9 cm in a multip; second twin

12. Engagement Instrumental delivery should not be attempted if the lowest part of the baby’s skull has not reached the ischial spines.

14. Crichton D. South African Medical Journal 1974;12:784-7

15. Smellie W. A treatise on the theory and practice of Midwifery. London; MDCCLII

16. Communication and consent

17. Safe practice: abandonment Indications for abandonment: Difficulty in applying instrument No descent Delivery not imminent after three pulls 15 minutes elapsed

18. Why is the principle of abandonment frequently breached? Poor training Confirmation bias Sunk costs

19. Safe practice: recognise conditions predictive of difficulty/failure 1/5 palpable Station 0 OP position Moulding ++/+++ Slow progress Big baby BMI > 30 Trial of instrumental delivery

20. Sequential instrumentation Benefits and risks Decision-making

21. Safe practice: post-operative care Examine and observe the baby VTE risk assessment Bladder care Openness

22. Safe practice: Situational awareness

23. Documentation IndicationAbdominal examination ConsentPosition; station Moulding; caputPelvis adequate CTGContractions Ease of application No. of pulls DetachmentsDuration VE; PR post-deliveryCondition of baby Cord pHDetails of repair

24. Examples of error in instrumental delivery Action omitted, mistimed, misjudged: Abdominal palpation not done Prolonged traction Continuous traction Rotation during a contraction Traction directed forwards and upwards too soon

25. Examples of error in instrumental delivery Information wrong, incomplete or not retrieved: Mistaken head level or position Moulding not assessed Equipment not checked History of diabetes disregarded

26. Examples of error in instrumental delivery Procedural checks omitted or not properly done: No check for correct application No check for descent with pull PR/VE not done at end of procedure Swabs not counted

27. Examples of error in instrumental delivery Faulty selection (choosing from options): Wrong ventouse cup type Ill-advised sequential instrumentation

28. Examples of error in instrumental delivery Failure to communicate: With woman midwife midwife senior obstetrician anaesthetistpaediatrician

29. Examples of error in instrumental delivery Cognition: Failure to anticipate ….PPH, Shoulder dystocia, etc. Failure to ask the right questions e.g. pulling in the right direction? … forceps applied on baby’s face?

30. Training, competence supervision Unmet training needs Demonstrable benefits of training Assessment tools

33. ‘Dr C stated that he discussed these options with Mr A and Mrs B and said that they were happy for him to deliver their baby using forceps. Mr A and Mrs B considered that Dr C did not communicate very effectively with them before or during the delivery. They said it was often very difficult to hear and understand what he was saying, particularly because Dr C directed most of his comments to Ms F.’

34. Assessment: occipito-posterior position, slightly to the right; presenting part slightly tilted. ‘Dr C applied the left blade of the forceps directly to the baby’s head, followed by the right blade. As the handles could not be aligned properly he removed the blades and reassessed the position of the head. At this stage, Mrs B’s buttocks were brought down further towards the edge of the bed and Dr C removed the foetal scalp electrode to enable easier application of the forceps. Dr C explained that after re-examination he was satisfied that the baby was in an occipito-posterior position and so he reapplied the forceps. He stated that this time the blades aligned without difficulty. Dr C attempted to rotate the baby’s head to the right but was unable to and so attempted rotation to the left, which was also unsuccessful’

35. While kneeling on the floor, Dr C applied force on the forceps during a contraction, in an attempt to pull the baby down in the occipito-posterior position while Mrs B was asked to push. Dr C explained that sometimes the head can be rotated at a lower level, or delivered in that position without the need for any rotation. He stated that only moderate traction was applied during this procedure and that he only used his right forearm while his left arm was resting on top of his right hand.

36. Mr A and Mrs B stated that Dr C pulled extremely firmly on the forceps and that Mrs B was dragged down the bed as a result. Dr C denied using any more force than was necessary or than he would normally use during such a procedure.

37. ‘Other than a small laceration on the left cheek of the baby from the scalpel blade at the time of the operation, I did not see any external forceps marks or bruises on the baby’s head or the face at the time of delivery’. -Dr C

38. Cord blood was obtained but had clotted and was unsuitable for pH analysis.

39. Baby born moribund. NICU. NND. This was Mrs B’s second pregnancy and the pregnancy had been uneventful. Her first child had died of a congenital heart defect (at 20 weeks’ gestation).

40. http://www.hdc.org.nz/files/hdc/opin ions/00hdc09324.pdf

43. Joint RCOG/ENTER MEETING Risk Management and Medico-Legal Issues In Women’s Health 25 to 26 April 2007