1. Using Pronouns Correctly What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case The objective case The possessive case Solving special pronoun problems Appositives Elliptical constructions Reflexive and intensive pronouns Who and whom Review A Review B

2. What are the cases of personal pronouns? A pronoun takes the place of a noun. The rider approaches slowly. The rider watches the longhorns closely. The rider’s horse is well trained. He them His

3. What are the cases of personal pronouns? NominativeObjectivePossessive Singular First personImemy, mine Second personyou your, yours Third personhe, she, ithim, her, ithis, her, hers, its Plural First personweusour, ours Second personyou your, yours Third persontheythemtheir, theirs Case is the form that a pronoun takes to show its relationship to other words in a sentence.

4. Pronouns in the nominative case are used as subjects and as predicate nominatives. subjectspredicate nominatives Nominative case pronouns First personI, we Second personyou, you Third personhe, she, it, they We compete in several sports. The winner in the high hurdles was he. Subject Predicate nominative What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case

5. The subject of a sentence tells whom or what the sentence is about. Subject Manatees are large water mammals. Although manatees are gentle, divers should not touch or ride the animals. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case

6. The most unusual reptiles in the show were they. A predicate nominative is a word or word group in the predicate that identifies the subject or refers to it. The student with the pet iguanas was he. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case The student with the pet iguanas was he. The most unusual reptiles in the show were they. SubjectPredicate SubjectPredicate Predicate nominative

7. A predicate nominative is connected to its subject by a linking verb, usually a form of the verb be. The people in line were they. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case The people in line were they. Linking verb Predicate nominative The guitarist you heard might have been he. Linking verb Predicate nominative

8. Nominative case What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case Make sure the subject of a verb is in the nominative case. Rob and his friends shot some baskets.his friends Subject they ? them ? Nominative case they Then Rob played by himself for an hour. Subject him ? he ? Robhe

9. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case Aaron and (he, him) rode the bus. To choose the correct pronoun form in a compound subject, try using the pronoun by itself with the verb. Would you say “he rode” or “him rode”? Aaron and he rode the bus. The correct pronoun is he.

10. The team leaders were Tom and Sara.Tom and Sarathey Nominative case What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case Make sure a predicate nominative is in the nominative case. Predicate nominative The more experienced caver is Sara. Predicate nominative Sarashe they ? them ? Nominative case her ? she ?

11. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case 1.Mom and (me, I) went to see a musical. 2.Were (they, them) first in the region last year or the year before? 3.In my opinion the best dancers were (he and she, him and her). Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. 4.(Us, We) collected boxes of old toys and games for the garage sale.

12. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. The pronoun is used as a subject, so the nominative pronoun I is correct. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case 1.Mom and (me, I) went to see a musical.

13. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. The pronoun is used as a subject, so the nominative pronoun they is correct. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case 2.Were (they, them) first in the region last year or the year before?

14. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. The pronouns are used as predicate nominatives, so the nominative pronouns he and she are correct. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case 3.In my opinion the best dancers were (he and she, him and her).

15. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. The pronoun is used as a subject, so the nominative pronoun We is correct. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The nominative case 4.(Us, We) collected boxes of old toys and games for the garage sale.

16. [End of Section] For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1. Cynthia and (me, I) took scuba-diving lessons. 2.Wyatt and (she, her) will pass out the sheet music. 3.How did you guess the winner would be (he, him)? 4. You and (we, us) raised the most money for the dance. 5.The children on the parade float were (they, them). On Your Own What are the cases of personal pronouns?

17. Answer s For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1.Cynthia and (me, I) took scuba-diving lessons. 2.Wyatt and (she, her) will pass out the sheet music. 3.How did you guess the winner would be (he, him)? 5.The children on the parade float were (they, them). 4.You and (we, us) raised the most money for the dance. What are the cases of personal pronouns?

18. Object of preposition Indirect object Direct object Pronouns in the objective case are used as direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.direct objectsindirect objectsobjects of prepositions Objective case pronouns First person me, us Second person you, you Third person him, her, it, them Carmen has invited me to her party. My uncle gave it a tuneup. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case Don’t you sit in front of me in class?

19. A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of a verb or shows the result of the action. This shelf holds books about racing.books Clayton told Gary about the race. What are the cases of personal pronouns? Direct object holds what? books Direct object told whom? Gary Direct object

20. An indirect object tells to whom or to what (or for whom or for what) the action of a transitive verb is done. What are the cases of personal pronouns? Indirect object I read the children a scary story.children read a story to whom?children Indirect object Notice that indirect objects appear in sentences that also have direct objects. story Direct object

21. An object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun in a prepositional phrase. What are the cases of personal pronouns? Object of a preposition near the window Preposition Object of preposition near the window in front of the fireplace Preposition Object of preposition in front of the fireplace

22. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case A direct object should be in the objective case. My uncle took ______ to the State Fair. Direct object us I saw Barbara and ______ on the Ferris wheel. them Direct object us ? we ? Objective case them ? they ? Objective case

23. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case An indirect object should be in the objective case. Tony found _____ a new home. Indirect object He gave Teresa and _____ the tiny kittens. them her them ? they ? Objective case her ? she ? Objective case

24. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case An object of a preposition should be in the objective case. Aside from _____, who else will be coming? Object of preposition us The package was addressed to you and _____.me Object of preposition us ? we ? Objective case me ? I ? Objective case

25. You’ve probably heard phrases like these before, but they are incorrect. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case for you and I between he and they me him them ^ ^ ^ Objective pronouns should be used in these phrases.

26. 1.My brother told (I, me) a really funny joke. 2.Did you call Natasha or (she, her)? 3.Everyone except Brandon and (he, him) had ridden on the subway. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case

27. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. The pronoun is used as an indirect object, so the objective pronoun me is correct. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case 1.My brother told (I, me) a really funny joke.

28. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. The pronoun is used as a direct object, so the objective pronoun her is correct. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case 2.Did you call Natasha or (she, her)?

29. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. The pronoun is used as the object of a preposition, so the objective pronoun him is correct. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The objective case 3.Everyone except Brandon and (he, him) had ridden on the subway.

30. [End of Section] For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1. The guests thanked Rita and (she, her) for the party. 2.The first guests to arrive were (they, them). 3.Are Gloria and (I, me) playing in the first match? 4.What were you telling Chuck and (we, us) earlier? 5.An e-mail from (he, him) just arrived. On Your Own What are the cases of personal pronouns?

31. Answer s For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1.The guests thanked Rita and (she, her) for the party. 2.The first guests to arrive were (they, them). 3.Are Gloria and (I, me) playing in the first match? 5.An e-mail from (he, him) just arrived. 4.What were you telling Chuck and (we, us) earlier? What are the cases of personal pronouns?

32. Pronouns in the possessive case are used to show ownership or possession. Possessive case pronouns First personmy, mine, our, ours Second personyour, yours Third personhis, her, hers, its, their, theirs What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case My car won’t start.We’ll have to ride in hers.

33. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case The possessive pronouns mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs are used in the same ways pronouns in the nominative and objective cases are used. Her sister and mine play soccer. This tennis racquet is hers. Have you finished yours yet? His father gave ours a tour. Apart from his, no score was perfect. Subject Predicate nominative Direct object Indirect object Object of preposition

34. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case The possessive pronouns my, your, his, her, its, and their are used as adjectives before nouns.used as adjectives Does your brother play the guitar? Where does he buy his guitar strings?

35. Some authorities prefer to call these possessive forms adjectives. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case my our your his her its their Follow your teacher’s instructions on what to call these words. Did you look up their address?

36. Use the clues in parentheses to fill in the blanks with appropriate possessive pronouns. What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case 1.The notebook on the desk is _______. (The notebook belongs to Laura.) 2.Please pick up _______ clothes. (The clothes belong to you.) 3.For practice, Jeff repaired _______ bicycles. (The bicycles belong to Jeff’s friends.)

37. 1.The notebook on the desk is _______. (The notebook belongs to Laura.) What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case Use the clues in parentheses to fill in the blanks with appropriate possessive pronouns. Laura is the name of a female, so the possessive pronoun hers is correct. hers

38. 2.Please pick up _______ clothes. (The clothes belong to you.) What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case Use the clues in parentheses to fill in the blanks with appropriate possessive pronouns. When used as an adjective to modify a noun, the possessive form of you is your. your

39. 3.For practice, Jeff repaired _______ bicycles. (The bicycles belong to Jeff’s friends.) What are the cases of personal pronouns? The possessive case Use the clues in parentheses to fill in the blanks with appropriate possessive pronouns. their Friends is a plural word, so the possessive pronoun their is correct.

40. [End of Section] For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1.Robert has trained (him, his) new puppy. 2.(They, Them) brought cheese and crackers to the party. 3.The college sent some information to (we, us). 4. Make sure (your, yours) name is on every page. 5.Carla has completed her application, but I haven’t started (my, mine). On Your Own What are the cases of personal pronouns?

41. Answer s For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1.Robert has trained (him, his) new puppy. 2.(They, Them) brought cheese and crackers to the party. 3.The college sent some information to (we, us). 5.Carla has completed her application, but I haven’t started (my, mine). 4.Make sure (your, yours) name is on every page. What are the cases of personal pronouns?

42. Since a subject is in the nominative case, a pronoun in an appositive identifying a subject should also be in the nominative case. Both teachers, Mr. Petrakis and ___, coach the team. Solving special pronoun problems Appositives A pronoun used as an appositive should be in the same case as the word to which it refers.appositive Both teachers, Mr. Petrakis and ___, coach the team. Subject Mr. Petrakis and he Appositive The appositive identifies the subject, teachers.

43. The director chose us, Joel and ___, for major roles. Solving special pronoun problems Appositives A pronoun used as an appositive should be in the same case as the word to which it refers.appositive The director chose us, Joel and ___, for major roles. Direct object Joel and me Appositive The appositive identifies the direct object, us. Since a direct object is in the objective case, a pronoun in an appositive identifying a direct object should also be in the objective case.

44. My cousin always orders salad with dinner. Riboflavin is found in leafy vegetables. An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it. My cousin Maria always orders salad with dinner. Riboflavin, a vitamin, is found in leafy vegetables. Appositive Solving special pronoun problems Appositives The appositive Maria identifies the noun cousin. The appositive a vitamin identifies the noun riboflavin.

45. Solving special pronoun problems Elliptical constructions A pronoun following than or as in an elliptical construction should be in the same case as it would be if the construction were completed.elliptical construction The tenor sang louder than he. The accident hurt Tim as much as her. The tenor sang louder than he sang. The accident hurt Tim as much as the accident hurt her. Completed Elliptical Completed Elliptical

46. An elliptical construction is a clause from which words have been omitted. The word than or as often begins an elliptical construction. I understand him better The practice helps Roger Complete clause Solving special pronoun problems Elliptical constructions than she understands him.than she. Elliptical construction as much as it helps me.as much as me. Complete clauseElliptical construction

47. Solving special pronoun problems Elliptical constructions In an elliptical construction the meaning depends on the pronoun form. Be sure to use the form that expresses your meaning. I understand him better than she. I understand him better than her. I understand him better than she understands him. I understand him better than I understand her.

48. ReflexiveReflexive and intensive pronouns have the same forms.intensive Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns First personmyself, ourselves Second personyourself, yourselves Third personhimself, herself, itself, themselves Solving special pronoun problems Reflexive and intensive pronouns I think I will treat myself to a movie. Evelyn herself raked all the leaves. Reflexive Intensive

49. Solving special pronoun problems Reflexive and intensive pronouns A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence or clause and may serve as... I can’t believe I hurt myself laughing. Daniel bought himself a new book. Clarice and Sarah should be proud of themselves for completing the work. Sharon is not herself today. Direct object Indirect object Object of preposition Predicate nominative

50. Solving special pronoun problems Reflexive and intensive pronouns An intensive pronoun emphasizes its antecedent and has no grammatical function. Simon himself painted those pictures. Jorge and Kim installed the new hard drive themselves. The pronoun himself emphasizes Simon. Themselves emphasizes Jorge and Kim.

51. Solving special pronoun problems Reflexive and intensive pronouns The words hisself, theirself, and theirselves are nonstandard. Use himself and themselves instead. Louis built the new benches hisself. Students should learn to do that for theirselves. himself. themselves.

52. Solving special pronoun problems Reflexive and intensive pronouns Do not use a pronoun ending in –self or –selves instead of a personal pronoun. Mariah and myself went to the rodeo. Can I depend on Jay and yourself? Myself does not refer to or emphasize any other word. Yourself does not refer to or emphasize any other word. Nonstandard Standard I you

53. 1.Nolan has been working at that grocery store longer than (he, him). 2.The comedians, Ken and (she, her), got a standing ovation. 3.If you are hungry, you can fix (you, yourself) a sandwich. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Solving special pronoun problems

54. 1.Nolan has been working at that grocery store longer than (he, him). Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Solving special pronoun problems The pronoun in the elliptical construction should have the same case as the complete clause would have. The complete clause would be than he has been working at the grocery store. The nominative form he is correct.

55. The pronoun in the appositive should be in the same case as the word to which it refers. The appositive refers to comedians, the subject, so the nominative pronoun she is correct. 2.The comedians, Ken and (she, her), got a standing ovation. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Solving special pronoun problems

56. 3.If you are hungry, you can fix (you, yourself) a sandwich. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Solving special pronoun problems The pronoun refers to the subject you, so it is a reflexive pronoun. The reflexive pronoun form is yourself.

57. [End of Section] Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses to correct each sentence below. 1.He remained true to (him, himself) and his own values. 2.Can she really be six months older than (I, me)? 3.Mr. Webster gave a prize to his best students, Tim and (we, us). 4. We promised that we would do all the carpentry work (ourself, ourselves). 5.The mural was painted by two seniors, Chad and (he, him). On Your Own Solving special pronoun problems

58. Answer s Choose the correct form, who or whom, to complete each sentence below. 1.He remained true to himself and his own values. 2.Can she really be six months older than I? 3.Mr. Webster gave a prize to his best students, Tim and us. 5.The mural was painted by two seniors, Chad and him. 4.We promised that we would do all the carpentry work ourselves. Solving special pronoun problems

59. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom The use of who or whom in a subordinate clause depends on how the pronoun functions in the clause.subordinate clause Sharla, whom I practice with, is a good tutor.whom Object of a preposition Is there someone here who can help me?who Subject Nominative caseObjective case who whoeverwhom whomever

60. A subordinate clause (or dependent clause) has a subject and a verb but does not express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself as a sentence. If you finish the exam early, you may leave class. Subordinate clause SubjectVerb Subordinate clauses begin with words such as when, whom, because, which, that, if, and until. If you finish the exam early, you may leave class. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

61. To choose between who and whom in a subordinate clause, follow these steps: Find the subordinate clause. Do you know (who, whom) borrowed the ladder? STEP 1 Subordinate clause The subordinate clause is (who, whom) borrowed the ladder. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

62. Decide how the pronoun is used in the clause. (who, whom) borrowed the ladder STEP 2 Subject? Predicate nominative? Direct object? Indirect object? Object of preposition? The pronoun is used as the subject of the verb borrowed. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

63. Determine what case the pronoun should be in. (who, whom) borrowed the ladder STEP 3 Subject The subject should be in the nominative case. Is a subject in the nominative or objective case? Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

64. To help choose between who or whom, rearrange the words in the subordinate clause to make a normal sentence. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom the winner is (who, whom) I can’t decide (who, whom) the winner is.

65. If the nominative case pronoun is correct, use who. If the objective case pronoun is correct, use whom. I can’t decide who the winner is. the winner was (who, whom) Substitute a nominative case pronoun (he, she, or they) for who or an objective case pronoun (him, her, or them) for whom. the winner was (she, her)the winner was she correct Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

66. Select the correct form of the pronoun. (who, whom) borrowed the ladder STEP 4 The nominative form is who. Nominative case who Objective case whom Do you know who borrowed the ladder? Answer (who, whom) borrowed the ladder Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

67. Apply the steps to the following sentence: 4.Select the correct form of the pronoun. Those are the teachers whom I want. Answer Those are the teachers (who, whom) I want. 1.Find the subordinate clause. 2.Decide how the pronoun is used in the clause. 3.Determine what case the pronoun should be in. (who, whom) I want direct object—I want (who, whom) objective whom Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

68. 1.The musicians with (who, whom) he practices are professionals. 2.Everyone (who, whom) arrives early should go to the cafeteria or the gym. 3.The guest speaker, (who, whom) the principal introduced, addressed the assembly. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

69. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Subordinate clause: Pronoun used as: with (who, whom) he practices object of preposition—he practices with (who, whom) Correct form: objective case—whom 1.The musicians with (who, whom) he practices are professionals. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

70. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Subordinate clause: Pronoun used as: (who, whom) arrives early subject Correct form: nominative case—who 2.Everyone (who, whom) arrives early should go to the cafeteria or the gym. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

71. Choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. Be prepared to explain your answer. Subordinate clause: Pronoun used as: (who, whom) the principal introduced direct object—the principal introduced (who, whom) Correct form: objective case—whom 3.The guest speaker, (who, whom) the principal introduced, addressed the assembly. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

72. [End of Section] Choose the correct form, who or whom, to complete each sentence below. 1.The child _____ fell off the swing is not hurt. 2.There goes Fred, _____ I sit behind in chemistry class. 3.Are they the teammates with _____ you work out? 4.Everyone has guessed _____ the winner will be. 5.I can’t remember _____ I asked that question. On Your Own Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

73. Answer s Choose the correct form, who or whom, to complete each sentence below. 1.The child who fell off the swing is not hurt. 2.There goes Fred, whom I sit behind in chemistry class. 3.Are they the teammates with whom you work out? 5.I can’t remember whom I asked that question. 4.Everyone has guessed who the winnerwill be. Solving special pronoun problems Who and whom

74. Review A [End of Section] For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1.Greg and (myself, I) both got our driver’s licenses. 2.When he called, I could hardly believe it was really (he, him). 3.“Does anyone dance better than (her, she)?” I wondered. 4.What the crowd appreciated most was (him, his) singing. 5. (Who, Whom) can name this geometric shape?

75. 4.What the crowd appreciated most was (him, his) singing. 3.“Does anyone dance better than (her, she)?” I wondered. 2.When he called, I could hardly believe it was really (he, him). Review A For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the pronoun in parentheses. 1.Greg and (myself, I ) both got our driver’s licenses. 5. (Who, Whom) can name this geometric shape?

76. Review B If a sentence has an incorrect pronoun, supply the correct pronoun form. If a sentence is already correct, identify it with a “C.” _____ 1.I would like to know who you are voting for in the next election. _____ 2.They watched her and I playing a game of tennis. _____ 3.Sally and myself are planning to attend the lecture. _____ 4.Is it Mr. Ross whom teaches the class? _____ 5.No one has worked harder than she.

77. _____ 1.I would like to know who you are voting for in the next election. _____ 2.They watched her and I playing a game of tennis. _____ 3.Sally and myself are planning to attend the lecture. _____ 4.Is it Mr. Ross whom teaches the class? _____ 5.No one has worked harder than she. Review B If a sentence has an incorrect pronoun, supply the correct pronoun form. If a sentence is already correct, identify it with a “C.” whom me I who C

78. The End