1. Chapter Six – Launching a New Nation Objectives 1.Analyze the impact of territorial expansion and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation, including the Louisiana Purchase 2.To explain the beginnings of the U.S. as well as how differing political ideas led to a two- party system, along with the differences between Federalists and Republicans 3.To analyze the foreign policy struggles with Great Britain, France, Spain as well as conflicts with Native Americans 4.To examine the War of 1812 and its impact

2. Section One – Washington Heads the New Government I.The New Government Takes Shape a. Judiciary Act of 1789 i. Judiciary Act of 1789 - Judiciary Act of 1789 creates Supreme, 3 circuit, 13 district courts - State court decisions may be appealed to federal courts b. Washington Shapes the Executive Branch i. Washington elected first president of U.S. in 1789 - executive branch is president, vice president ii. Congress creates State (Jefferson), War, (Knox), Treasury Departments iii. Alexander Hamilton becomes secretary of treasury iv. Washington adds attorney general; these Department heads are Cabinet

3. II. Hamilton and Jefferson Debate a. Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict

4. b. Hamilton’s Economic Plan i. U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private citizens ii. Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume states’ debt iii. Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes to pay for North c. Plan for a National Bank i. Hamilton proposes Bank of the United States: - funded by government, private investors - issue paper money, handle taxes ii. Disagreement over Congressional authority to establish bank iii. Debate begins over strict and loose interpretation of Constitution

5. d. The District of Columbia i. To win Southern support for his debt plan, Hamilton suggests: - moving nation’s capital from NYC to South ii. Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale; government seat by 1800

6. III. The First Political Parties and Rebellion a. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans i. Split in Washington’s cabinet leads to first U.S. political parties: - Jefferson’s allies: Democratic-Republicans - Hamilton’s allies: Federalists ii. Two-party system established as two major parties compete for power b. The Whiskey Rebellion i. Protective tariff— import tax on goods produced overseas ii. Excise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or distribution iii. In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay excise tax on whiskey - beat up federal marshals, threaten secession iv. Federal government shows it can enforce laws by sending in militia

7. Section Two – Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation I.U.S. Response to Events in Europe a. Reactions to the French Revolution i. Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans pro-French ii. Washington declares neutrality, will not support either side iii. Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates diplomatic protocol b. Treaty with Spain i. Spain negotiates with Thomas Pinckney, U.S. minister to Britain ii. Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo, signed: - Spain gives up claims to western U.S. - Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel - Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic

8. II. Native Americans Resist White Settlers a. Fights in the Northwest i. Native Americans do not accept Treaty of Paris; demand direct talk ii. In 1790 Miami tribe chief, Little Turtle, defeats U.S. army b. Battle of Fallen Timbers i. Gen. Anthony Wayne defeats Miami Confederacy at Fallen Timbers 1794 ii. Miami sign Treaty of Greenville, get less than actual value for land c. Jay’s Treaty i. Chief Justice John Jay makes treaty with Britain, angers Americans ii. British evacuate posts in Northwest, may continue fur trade

9. III. Adams Provokes Criticism i. 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president Jefferson, a Democratic- Republican, is vice-president ii. Result of sectionalism, placing regional interests above nation a. Adams Tries to Avoid War i. French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance; seize U.S. ships ii. XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see foreign minister iii. Congress creates navy department; Washington called to lead army iv. Undeclared naval war rages between France, U.S. for two years

10. b. The Alien and Sedition Acts i. Many Federalists fear French plot to overthrow U.S. government ii. Federalists suspicious of immigrants because: - many are active Democratic-Republicans - some are critical of Adams iii. Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 through Congress iv. Alien Acts raise residence requirements for citizenship - permit deportation, jail v. Sedition Act: fines, jail terms for hindering, lying about government vi. Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers, politicians jailed

11. c. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions i. Jefferson, Madison see Alien and Sedition Acts as misuse of power ii. Organize opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures iii. Resolutions call acts violation of First Amendment rights iv. Nullification—states have right to void laws deemed unconstitutional d. The Death of Washington i. Washington dies December 14, 1799

12. Section Three – Jefferson Alters the Nations Course I.Jefferson Wins Presidential Election of 1800 i. Bitter campaign between Adams and Jefferson; wild charges hurled a. Electoral Gridlock i. Jefferson beats Adams, but ties running mate Aaron Burr ii. House of Representatives casts 35 ballots without breaking tie iii. Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give Jefferson victory iv. Reveals flaw in electoral process; Twelfth Amendment passed: - electors cast separate ballots for president, vice-president

13. II.The Jefferson Presidency a. Simplifying the Presidency i. Jefferson replaces some Federalists with Democratic-Republicans ii. Reduces size of armed forces; cuts social expenses of government iii. Eliminates internal taxes; reduces influence of Bank of the U.S. iv. Favors free trade over government-controlled trade, tariffs b. Southern Dominance of Politics i. Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, D.C. ii. South dominates politics; Northern, Federalist influence decline

14. c. John Marshall and the Supreme Court i. Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than 30 years ii. Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16 federal judges iii. Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last day as president iv. Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are invalid d. Marbury v. Madison i. Marbury v. Madison—William Marbury sues to have papers delivered - Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court order - Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional ii. Judicial review—Supreme Court able to declare laws unconstitutional

15. III.The United States Expands West i. From 1800–1810, Ohio population grows from 45,000 to 231,000 ii. Most settlers use Cumberland Gap to reach Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee iii. In 1775, Daniel Boone leads clearing of Wilderness Road a. The Louisiana Purchase i. Louisiana returned to France; Jefferson fears strong French presence ii. Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon - doubts he has constitutional authority iii. Louisiana Purchase doubles size of U.S.

16. b. Lewis and Clark i. Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead Corps of Discovery: - explore new territory, find route to Pacific - gather information about people, plants animals ii. Native American woman, Sacajawea, serves as interpreter, guide

17. Section Four – The War of 1812 I.The War Hawks Demand War i. British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships from entering ii. Britain, France seize American ships, confiscate cargoes a. Grievances Against Britain i. Impressment—seizing Americans, drafting them into British navy ii. Chesapeake incident further angers Americans iii. Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or ban on exports iv. Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S. - Congress lifts it, except with Britain, France

18. b. Tecumseh’s Confederacy i. William Henry Harrison makes land deal with Native American chiefs ii. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy: - tells people to return to traditional beliefs, practices - presses Harrison, negotiates British help; many tribes don’t join c. The War Hawks i. Harrison is hero of Battle of Tippecanoe but suffers heavy losses ii. War hawks—want war with Britain because natives use British arms

19. II. The War Brings Mixed Results a. The War in Canada i. Madison chooses war, thinks Britain is crippling U.S. trade, economy ii. U.S. army unprepared; early British victories in Detroit, Montreal iii. Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie; U.S. wins battles iv. Native Americans fight on both sides; Tecumseh killed in battle b. The War at Sea i. U.S. navy only 16 ships; 3 frigates sail alone, score victories ii. British blockade U.S. ports along east coast

20. c. British Burn the White House i. By 1814, British raid, burn towns along Atlantic coast ii. British burn Washington D.C. in retaliation for York, Canada d. Battle of New Orleans i. General Andrew Jackson fights Native Americans, gains national fame ii. Jackson defeats Native Americans at Battle of Horseshoe Bend - destroys military power of Native Americans in South iii. In 1815, defeats superior British force at Battle of New Orleans

21. e. Treaty of Ghent i. Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed Christmas 1814 ii. Declares armistice or end to fighting; does not resolve all issues iii. 1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between Britain and U.S. iv. 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships on Great Lakes v. 1818, northern boundary of Louisiana Territory set at 49th parallel vi. Agree to jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years