2.  Thomas Jefferson was elected the 3 rd president of the U.S. in 1801  Was a Democratic-Republican  Wanted to limit the powers of government  Wanted to protect civil liberties

3.  Aaron Burr - Vice President  James Madison – Secretary of State  Albert Gallatin – Secretary of the Treasury  Removed the Alien and Sedition Acts  Lowered military spending and reduced the size of the army and navy

4.  Protect the nation from foreign threats  Deliver the mail  Collect customs duties  Bank of the United States remained

5.  Chief Justice John Marshall wanted a stronger federal government (Federalist)  Judicial Review – the power of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional  Supreme Court is the final authority on the Constitution

6.  New Orleans was an important trading port  Spain controlled New Orleans and Louisiana  1802 - Spain passed on its problems by giving Louisiana to France in a secret treaty

10.  Napoleon Bonaparte – ruler of France and conquered most of Western Europe  He wanted a North American empire  Enslaved Africans in Haiti revolted and defeated French forces  Defeat ended his hopes for an empire

12.  France was at war with Great Britain  Napoleon needed money for military supplies  He also hoped a larger U.S. would challenge the British  French sold Louisiana for $15 million  The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.

14.  May 1804 – Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set out to explore the Louisiana Purchase  Lewis and Clark were both army officers  Expedition funded by Congress  They formed the Corps of Discovery (50 skilled frontiersmen)  They used the Missouri River as their highway through unknown lands

16.  Sacagawea – Shoshone woman who guided Lewis and Clark  She was am interpreter  She named plants and gathered fruits and vegetables for the Corps  Her brother supplied horses and a mountain guide  Nez Perce Indians provided expedition with food

18.  Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific Ocean in November of 1805  Did not find a river route across the West to the Pacific  Learned about western lands and paths across the Rockies  Established contact with many Indians  Collected valuable information about plants and animals

20.  Army officer ordered to find the starting point of the Red River in the West  Red River = established Louisiana Territory’s western border with New Spain  Pike’s Peak in Colorado is named after him  Gathered valuable info on the Southwest

21.  U.S. tried to stay neutral, but it soon became impossible  British and French navies boarded U.S. ships looking for war supplies  American merchant vessels were attacked and seized by pirates

22.  Barbary Pirates – pirates from the North African coast who attacked American merchant ships, stole their cargo, and held crews for ransom  USS Constitution – American warship that ended pirate attacks

25.  Impressment – British forced American crewmen to serve in their navy  June 1807 – British ship Leopard attacked the U.S. ship Chesapeake and took sailors by force

26.  Embargo – banning of trade  1807 – Congress passed this act to ban trade with all foreign countries  Congress hoped this act would punish British and French and protect our merchant ships from being captured  Many merchants lost a lot of money without foreign trade  The act damaged Jefferson’s popularity

27.  1809 – banned trade only with Britain, France, and their colonies  Congress tried to revive the nation’s trade with this act, but it didn’t work

28.  Tecumseh – Shawnee urged Indian tribes to unite  William Henry Harrison – governor of the Indiana Territory  Harrison’s forces destroyed Tecumseh’s village; Indians retreated  Tecumseh’s Indian confederation was never formed

30.  Members of Congress who wanted war with Britain  They were angry that the British encouraged Tecumseh to attack western settlers in order to reduce westward expansion  New England Federalists did not want war – lack of trade with Britain was hurting the economy  1808 – James Madison elected 4 th President  1812 – Madison and Congress declare war on Britain

31.  CAUSES  Impressment of American sailors  interference with American shipping  British military aid to Native Americans  EFFECTS  Increased sense of national pride  American manufacturing boosted  Native American resistance weakened

32.  U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new, powerful warships, like the USS Constitution  American vessels defeated many British vessels in one-on-one duels because of excellent positioning

34.  September 1813 - Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeated the British navy  U.S. Army under General Harrison invaded Canada  Battle of the Thames River – ended British power in Northwest

36.  Spring 1814 – Andrew Jackson’s forces defeated the Creek Indians in Alabama  Treaty of Fort Jackson – ended the Creek War and Creek gave up millions of acres of land

37.  April 1814 – Britain’s military became more powerful by defeating the French  British attack Washington and set fire to the White House and Capitol  Battle in Baltimore – American forces defeated the British at Fort McHenry

39.  January 1815 - 5,300 British vs. 4,500 American soldiers  Andrew Jackson’s forces killed and wounded over 2,000 British soldiers  Americans suffered 70 casualties  This battle made Jackson a national hero  Prevented the British from taking the Mississippi River  Last major battle of the war

41.  Belgium, December 24, 1814  Treaty ended the War of 1812  Each nation returned the territory it conquered  Some people called the war the second war for independence  American morale was boosted