1. Age of Discovery
Mr. Stikes

2. SSWH10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain.
b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact.
c. Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the astrolabe.

3. Why? Reasons for the Age of Discovery: Economic Monopolies
Muslim, Italian
Goods from Asia:
Pepper
Cinnamon
Silk

4. Why? “Gold, Glory, God” Gold: make money Glory: become famous
God: spread Christianity

5. Famous Explorers Zheng He Prince Henry the Navigator Bartholomew Dias
Christopher Columbus
John Cabot
Vasco da Gama
Pedro Cabral
Ferdinand Magellan
Henry Hudson
James Cook
Samuel de Champlain
Jacques Cartier

6. Zheng He (1371-1435) China Chinese
Eunuch who served the Ming Dynasty in China
Muslim?

7. Zheng He ( )
China
Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean
#1 – – 317 ships with over 27,000 men, visited Java in Indonesia, Sri Lanka and India
#2 – – similar route/fleet
#3 – – more concentrated in SE Asia

8. Zheng He ( )
China
Completed 7 voyages throughout the Indian Ocean
#4 – – reached as far as E. Africa
#5 – – returned to Arabia, E. Africa
#6 – – returned to Arabia, E. Africa
#7 – – Records destroyed

9. Zheng He ( )
China

10. Zheng He (1371-1435) China Purpose:
Tribute
Trade
Brought back riches, including wild animals (giraffes, zebras, ostriches)
After 1433, China turned inward
Why?

11. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
Portuguese, son of King Dom João I and Phillipa of Lancaster
Commissioned sea voyages to Africa and India
Claimed four major island groups in Atlantic

13. Bartholomew Dias (c.1450-1500) Portuguese Voyage (1487-1488)
Passed Cape of Good Hope – First European?
Died on voyage to Brazil w/ Cabral
Cape of Good Hope

14. Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
Italian (from Genoa)
Sailed for Spain
First documented voyage across Atlantic since the Vikings (≈ A.D. 1000)

15. Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
Believed in sea route to Asia
Incorrect beliefs:
Asia stretched farther east (about 30° more)
Japan was 1,500 miles of Asian coast
Size of earth
Believed the Canary Islands were only 2,500 miles from Japan

16. Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
Gained support of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Why?
Portuguese control of sea route around Africa
Small gamble = big reward
Promised titles and land if he could find the way

17. Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
First Voyage ( )
Three ships: Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria
Landfall in the Bahamas, October 12, 1492
“San Salvador”
Observed natives they called “Indians”
Visited the Bahamas, Cuba and Hispaniola

18. Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
Second Voyage ( )
Founded colony on Hispaniola, explored southern Cuba
Isabella ordered the “Indians” converted to Christianity
Third Voyage ( )
Explored Trinidad & Venezuela, arrested due to chaos in Hispaniola

19. Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)
Third Voyage ( )
Explored Central America
Marooned on Jamaica, rescued and returned to Spain

20. Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506)

21. Columbus Meeting the Native Americans

22. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Solves dispute between Portugal and (Castilian) Spain
Splits world into Portuguese and Spanish spheres of influence
Mediation by Pope Alexander VI
Original line: set by Inter Caetera (Papal bull of 4 May 1493)
Later modified by Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)

24. John Cabot (c.1450-1499) Italian (Venice), sailed for England
1497 – “discovered” North America
Newfoundland (probably)

25. Vasco da Gama (c.1469-1524) Portuguese
First European to sail to India around Africa ( )
Visited Calicut, principal spice trading port in India
Trip as a failure?

26. Pedro Cabral (c.1467-1520) Portuguese Discovered Brazil (1500)
Accident

27. Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)
Portuguese
Sailed for Spain
First European to sail around southern tip of South America (1520)
First to circumnavigate the world ( )

28. Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)
5 ships left Spain (20 September 1519)
Killed in fighting with natives in the Philippines (1521)
Voyage continued with only one ship (the Victoria) on under Juan Sebastian Elcano, reaching Spain on 6 September 1522

29. Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521)

30. Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) French
Discovered St. Lawrence River (1534)
Saint Lawrence River

31. Samuel de Champlain (c.1570-1635)
French explorer
Searched for Northwest Passage
Founded Quebec (1608)
Discovered that European methods weren’t useful in America
Solution: Befriend native peoples

33. Henry Hudson (1611) Sailed for both England and the Netherlands
Claimed land for the Dutch East India Company
Including New Netherlands (New Amsterdam, present day New York)

35. James Cook ( )
British explorer of the Pacific Ocean, “commonly regarded as the greatest sea explorer of all time”*
* Oxford Companion to World Exploration, “Cook, James”

36. James Cook (1728-1779) 3 Major Voyages to Pacific:
#1 – Endeavor – – circumnavigated New Zealand, visited Australia
#2 – Resolution – – charted southern Pacific
#3 – Resolution – – search for NW Passage, discovered Hawaii, killed in Hawaii (1779)
DID YOU KNOW: James Cook was the first European to describe a kangaroo.

37. James Cook ( )
Green = First voyage, Red = Second Voyage, Blue = Third Voyage, Blue Dotted = 3rd Voyage After Death of Cook. Map courtesy of wikimedia.org.

38. James Cook ( )
Demonstrated that there could be no Northwest Passage or inhabitable Southern Continent
Shows the merging of science with sea exploration

39. Technology and Exploration
Astrolabe:
Measures angle (altitude) of sun and starts
Used to determine latitude
Compass:
Magnetic
Determines direction
Perfected by the Arabs
Perfected by the Chinese

40. Technology and Exploration
Hourglass:
Determines time
Maps:
Drawn by Cartographers
Much improved
Ptolemaic grid system

41. Technology and Exploration
Sails:
Used Arab triangular sails
Multiple masts
Stern based rudder

42. Technology and Exploration
Caravel
Incorporated new tech.
Size: ≈ 65 feet ≈ 130 tons

43. Columbian Exchange
The exchange of goods and people from Europe, Asia and Africa (the “Old World”) to the Americas (the “New World”)

44. Global Impact of Columbian Exchange
Movement of peoples and cultures
Exchanges of ideas
European room for growth

45. Cultural Impact of Columbian Exchange
Shelter for poor & outcasts
Impact on natives
Positives
Negatives
“Melting Pot”