1. Europe Looks Outward
Chapter 2

3. The Age of Exploration
In about 1001, the Vikings from Scandinavia arrived in North America
Leif Erikson and 35 other sailors left from Greenland to North America

4. The Age of Exploration
Christopher Columbus believed he could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean
He learned all he knew from working on Portuguese ships, but when he tried to get his own ship, the King turned him down.
He moved to Spain and presented his plan to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who gave Columbus money for his trip

5. The Age of Exploration
In August of 1492, Columbus and 90 men set sail on three ships, the Nina, the Pinta and the Santa Maria
After three months, Columbus found land and claimed it for Spain. Thinking it was India, he called the people on the land Indians.
Columbus then sailed south and found the island of Cuba

7. The Age of Exploration
Columbus traveled back to Spain in January of 1493, and claimed that there was lots of gold in the “West Indies”
Columbus made three more voyages to what he thought was India, he found present day Puerto Rico and northern South America

8. The Age of Exploration
Many explorers followed the route charted by Columbus
In 1510, Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa, explored the Caribbean coast of Panama, he also went through the forest and saw the Pacific Ocean
In September 1519, Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan planned to find a passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific

9. The Age of Exploration
For more then one year, his fleet traveled down the South American coast looking for a strait.
They traveled so far south, they saw penguins
Magellan finally reached the Philippine Islands, where he was killed in battle.
The survivors fled in two ships, they reached Spain in September 1522, after circumnavigating the earth.

11. The Age of Exploration
All of this exploration began the Columbian Exchange
This was a transfer of people, products and ideas between hemispheres
Positive effects were the transfer of animals and food plants
Negative effects was the transfer of germs, which killed the Native Americans

13. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
By the early 1500’s the Spanish were in the Americas
Spanish explorers are called conquistadors and wanted to explore the world.

14. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
In 1519, conquistador Hernando Cortes sailed from Cuba to Mexico
By November, he went to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
The Aztec leader Montezuma tried to get Cortes to leave by offering him gold.
Cortes held Montezuma captive, but the Aztecs rebelled and forced the Spaniards to flee
A year later, Cortes returned and destroyed Tenochtitlan. He built Mexico City

16. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Another conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, landed on the coast of Peru in 1531.
By September 1532, he led his soldiers into the center of the Incan Empire and took it over, by November 1533, The Spanish took over the capital city of Cuzco

18. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
There were many reasons that the Spaniards beat the native American Armies
The Spanish used armor, muskets and canons
The Spanish rode horses
The Natives were divided before the Spanish had arrived

19. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
In 1513, Juan Ponce de Leon, sailed from Puerto Rico and found Florida
After 8 years in Florida, only four of 400 explorers remained alive because of starvation, disease and becoming enslaved
Spain had to create a formal system of government its new colonies
The government gave settlers large sections of lands to start mines, ranches and plantations.

20. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Spain also gave the colonists encomiedas, and forced the natives to work in the gold and silver mines.
Bartoleme de Las Casas, a priest, traveled to New Spain to try and change the encomiedas system because so many Natives were dying.
The Spanish also believed that they had to convert the Natives to Christianity, they set up missions

22. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
Because so many Native workers were dying, the Spanish looked for a new source of labor.
In 1517, they brought Africans to the Caribbean islands to work for them

23. Spain’s Empire in the Americas
There was a social class system in the colonies that was based on birthplace and ethnic group.
On the top was the peninsulares-the Spanish colonists born in Spain
A Creole was someone who was born to peninsulare parents in the colony
A Mestizo was a person who had both Spanish and Native parents
The lowest were mulatto, which were people of Spanish and African heritage

24. Europeans Compete in North America
By 1530, Europe had been split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Church.
England had become Protestant because the King wanted a divorce and the Catholic Church would not allow it.

25. Europeans Compete in North America
Religious tensions caused uncertainty, which made European leaders to think that they could not trust each other.
This led to mercantilism, which the mother country relied on the colonies, not another country.

26. Europeans Compete in North America
After a series of deaths in the royalty of England, Protestant Queen Elizabeth I restarted the rivalry with Roman Catholic Spain.
The British even attacked Spanish ships at sea.
By 1588, Phillip, the leader of Spain, took 130 warships and began the Spanish Armada, or an attack on England.
The English ships were faster and sand many of the Spanish Ships-this was an embarrassing loss for the Spanish

27. Europeans Compete in North America
John Cabot, an Italian native, began to explore for England and left for the North Atlantic in May 1497
He explored Newfoundland and may have explored Chesapeake Bay, we do not know because his ship disappeared

28. Europeans Compete in North America
England, France and Holland realized that the new lands were not Asia and began to look for the Northwest Passage.
In 1524, Giovanni da Verrazano, searched for the passage for France.
He explored from North Carolina to Newfoundland.
Jacque Cartier also made three trips to the New World from France, he discovered the St. Lawrence River and went up to Montreal

30. Europeans Compete in North America
English explorer, Henry Hudson, made four voyages to find the North West Passage.
By 1609, he reached New York and what is now the Hudson River
On his fourth trip, his crew was very unhappy with the icy waters they found themselves in so they mutinied against him, and threw him and his son off the boat.

32. France and the Netherlands in North America
The French began to settle colonies in the early 1600’s
In 1603, Samuel de Champlain made his first voyage to the St. Lawrence River, when he returned, he established Quebec

34. France and the Netherlands in North America
The French were different then the Spanish, in New Spain, the Spanish wanted gold, silver and precious metals. The French wanted furs and fish
The French traded with the Native Americans, they did not enslave them.
Champlain established the first trading post, in Nova Scotia in 1604.

35. France and the Netherlands in North America
It was not until the late 1600’s that the French began to farm.
In 1670, French missionary Jacque Marquette founded two missions along the Great Lakes
In 1673, Marquette and Louis Joliet, a trader, found what is now Green Bay, Wisconsin.
They found the Mississippi River, and traveled down, to the Arkansas River

36. France and the Netherlands in North America
The Dutch also claimed land based on Henry Hudson.
In 1610, Dutch traders began to trade with the Native Americans.
They made so much money, they set up the Dutch West India Company
This land that the Dutch settled was called New Netherland.

37. France and the Netherlands in North America
The British wanted this land because it prevented the settlers from moving westward.
The British seized New Netherland and renamed the territory New York, after the Kings brother, the Duke of York.

38. France and the Netherlands in North America
The Dutch and the French began to make alliances with the Native Americans.
The French became trading partners with the Huron’s
The Huron’s and Iroquois were enemies so the Dutch became trading partners with the Iroquois.