1. Age of Exploration Part II

2. 1.To maintain access to the spice trade, who did the Portuguese battle on the high seas? Muslim and Indian sailors 2. In 1510, what did Portugal establish on the West Coast of India? A port city, a port that made spice shipping more efficient.

3. 3. How did Christopher Columbus seek to find trade routes to Asia? By sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean Columbus thought China, India, Japan, and the Spice Islands were only 2000 miles or so west of Spain, about a month’s sailing 4. Who financed Columbus’s 1492 expedition? Queen Isabella of Spain

4. 5. In October 1492, after a westward voyage of a month or so, where did Columbus land? Islands in the Caribbean region, probably the Bahamas, a group of islands off the east coast of Florida Columbus thought he had reached East Asia Columbus called the natives, “Indians.”

5. 6. How many voyages did Columbus make to the Americas? Four 7. What did Columbus never understand? He didn’t know that he had stumbled onto the islands associated with the North and South American land masses He called these islands the “Indies.” We call them the “West Indies.”

6. 8. What did other European explorers figure out that Columbus never did? That Columbus had “discovered” lands previously unknown to Europe North and South America became known as the New World. 9. Where does the name America come from? Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer His writings apparently helped in the realization that these lands were “new” to Europe.

7. 10. Who were the Conquistadors? Spanish explorers and Conquerors who established Spanish control over much of the New World, particularly South and Central America. Today, much of the New World is Spanish- speaking and a part of Latin America.

8. 11. What Indian Empire controlled much of Mexico when the Spanish arrived in the mid- 1500s? The Aztecs 12. Who conquered the Aztecs? Hernan Cortes of Spain

9. 13. What Indian Empire controlled much of the Peruvian Andes in South America when the Spanish arrived? The Incas 14. Who conquered the Incas? Francisco Pizarro of Spain 15. Which country took over the part of South America that became Brazil? Portugal

10. 16. The Spanish system of Encomienda forced Indians into what? Labor service for the Spanish 17. What happened to much of the Indian population due to the Spanish arrival and conquest? Mass death by disease, forced labor, and starvation.

11. 18. Why did so many thousands and thousands of Indians die of disease? Separated for centuries from people in the Old World, American Indians had immunity systems that could not cope with the microbes brought in by the Spanish and their livestock. Illnesses such as smallpox, measles, typhus, and influenza by the thousands Much of the Indian population in the Caribbean islands died of diseases caught from the Spanish.

12. 19. Where did Spaniards find great quantities of silver? Mexico and Bolivia Gold was also found in South America Spain amassed great quantities of precious metals, and for a time, became Europe’s richest land.

13. 20. What was the Columbian Exchange? The swapping of plants, animals, and livestock between the Old and New worlds 21. What were some New World plants that were introduced to Europe? Potatoes, corn, tobacco, Pumpkins, tomatoes 22. What animals were introduced by the Spanish into the New World? Horses and pigs

14. 23. Whose expedition first circled (circumnavigated) the Earth? Ferdinand Magellan’s Magellan’s expedition sailed from 1519 to 1521. Magellan died enroute but a few of his ships made it back to Spain in 1521. His expedition sailed from Spain, sailed around South America, crossed the Pacific and Indian Oceans, sailed around Africa and back to Spain. Magellan himself was killed by natives in the Philippine Islands, a future Spanish colony