1. Collision of Cultures
Key questions

2. Key Questions What were the motives for European exploration?
Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
In what ways would the revival of European cities in the 1400s have affected European social & cultural life?
The revival of cities established new trade opportunities & new markets.

3. Key Questions
How did advances in technology open the way for world exploration?
Advances in sailing technology promoted trade & the urge to discover & conquer other lands.
How might Renaissance attitudes & ideas have influenced European explorers?
The Renaissance encouraged people to value human achievement. This attitude prompted many to seek glory through adventure, discovery, & conquest.
Why did European explorers believe they could simply claim lands for their home countries, even though these lands were already populated?
Europeans believed that because their culture was more sophisticated, they had a right to colonize lands inhabited by people of other cultures.

4. Key Questions
What do you think were three of the most important long-term consequences of Columbus’s encounters in the Americas?
The entrenched pattern of violating human rights in the process of conquering new lands
The African slave trade & its tragic outcomes
The emergence of various nations in North & South America
The permanent altering of global environments & societies as a result of the Columbian Exchange
The multicultural character of the United States

5. Key Questions Why did the Spanish want to colonize the Americas?
The Spanish wanted to find gold and to spread the Christian faith.
Why might Spain & Portugal be willing to go to war over the issue of overseas exploration?
Both countries soon became competitors in exploration & colonization & people in both countries believed that the resources of the Americas would make them rich.
Let to the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) which created a line of demarcation in the Atlantic Ocean granting everything west of the line to the Spanish & everything east of the line to Portugal except for Brazil to the west. Spain gained most of the New World as a result.

6. Key Questions Why was Cortes interested in the Aztec Empire?
Cortes’ was interested in the territory & the vast wealth of the Aztec Empire
What factors enabled the Spaniards to conquer the Aztecs?
The Spaniards’ superior weapons, the diseases that accompanied them, and the support of other native peoples.

7. Key Questions
Why did the Native Americans of New Mexico revolt against Spanish settlers?
Because the settlers had forced the Natives to pay tribute or for those who were caught practicing their native religion were abused physically.
State the results of Spanish exploration & settlement north of Mexico & their interaction with Native Americans there.
The Spanish failed to find much gold north of Mexico, so the settlement was limited to missions & defensive outposts
Spanish missionaries provided Native Americans with material goods, education, & protection but sometimes abused them & suppressed their culture.
Some Natives converted to Christianity but others resisted violently
What can you infer from the fact that approximately 17,000 Native Americans from all over New Mexico participated in the Pueblo Revolt?
The Native American were well-organized. The Spanish priests had alienated a large number of Native Americans during previous decades.

8. Key questions
How did Mexican culture develop out of both Spanish & Native American elements?
A high rate of intermarriage created a large mestizo population; some Native Americans became Roman Catholics.
How did Native Americans react to Spanish efforts to establish colonies?
Natives often fought back, most notably against Cortes and in Pope’s Rebellion.

9. Key questions
What type of relationship existed between the Spanish and the Native Americans living in North America?
Native people learned about new tools, grow food, raise sheep
Many converted to Catholicism
Spanish learned new farming techniques
Harsh treatment of Native Americans for slave labor
Beating of those who did not convert
Disease, death
Rebellion

10. Key questions
Why did the Spanish begin to use African slaves on their plantations in the New World?
They needed slaves to work in the mines and plantations after the Spanish monarchy abolished the econmienda. Native population declined due to disease & hard labor.
What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the people’s lives throughout the world?
Led to the introduction of new plants & animals to Europe, Africa, & the Americas
The exchange of plants & animals improved people’s diets
The importation of diseases into the Americas led to a decline in the Native American population.

11. Key questions
What effects did Portuguese trade routes have on West Africa?
Portuguese trade routes brought West Africa into closer contact with Europe. Eventually led to the African slave trade.
Why did European settlers increase their demand for African slaves?
European diseases & hard labor had reduced the native work force, so Europeans began relying on the importation of enslaved Africans.
How did West African slavery differ from the kind of slavery that developed in the Americas?
In West Africa, people were not born into slavery, nor did slavery mean a lifetime of servitude. In the Americas, however, slavery continued from generation to generation and was based on race.

12. Key questions
What were the motives for English colonization of the New World?
Religious: purer form of worship
Economic: Escape poverty or the threat of lifelong poverty
Personal: to escape bad marriages or jail terms

13. Key questions
How did religious changes in Europe affect the European colonization of the Americas?
The split between Catholicism & Protestantism deepened the rivalries between European nations and sent Protestant sects to seek religious freedom in the Americas.
How did the Reformation deepen rivalries between European nations?
The Reformation divided Christianity in Western Europe between Catholicism & Protestantism. This helped deepen the rivalries among European nations.
Which European event of the late 1400s to early 1500s do you think had the most far reaching impact on European lives?
Reconquista because it set the stage for future Spanish conquest to spread Christianity around the globe
The Reformation, because it caused many people to seek religious freedom in America
The invention of the printing press, because it spread ideas

14. Key questions
How were the French colonies in North America unlike the British colonies?
France focused on the fur trade rather than on settlement. The French colonists also developed friendlier relations with the Natives than did the British.
What was the relationship between the French and Native Americans living in North America?
Business partners
Friendly
Huron (in Canada) were close allies
Enemies with Iroquois (on East coast with British colonies)
Diseases killed many

15. Key questions
How did the arrival of European settlers affect Native American societies?
European settlers brought diseases that devastated Native American societies.
How do you think the contrasting cultural attitudes to land ownership might have affected the relationship between Europeans & Native Americans?
Native Americans did not believe in private ownership of land, as did Europeans. This would have led to conflict as Europeans tried to buy & sell land that had previously been used by an entire Native American community.

16. Key questions
What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & English patterns of colonization?
Spain
Plantation colonies in the Caribbean, Florida, and Mexico.
Spanish missions converted Indians to Christianity by force, and governed the colonial settlements.
Georgia’s coastal barrier islands served as sites of Spanish missions.
France
Trading post colonies in St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, and Mississippi regions.
Port of New Orleans controlled trade in the Gulf of Mexico, threatening Spanish shipping in the area.
Fur traders expanded networks throughout all of the Southeastern tribes.
England
Plantation colonies in Southern English colonies.
Settler colonies
Jamestown based at first on trading, then later became known as a religious settlement.
Fort King George at Darien, GA was southern-most outpost to protect Charlestown, South Carolina from Spanish attacks.

17. Key questions
What was the impact of Spanish, French, & English settlement in North America on the natives?
Spain – treated natives harshly; Use of Native American labor to work on the large farms.
France - French got along better with the Native Americans than any other European country.
England - English settlers pushed Native Americans off their land.
What were the effects of European Colonization?
Europeans reach and settle Americas
Expanded knowledge of world geography
Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
Introduction of the institution of slavery
Columbian Exchange