1. Chapter 2
Europe Looks Onward

2. Section 1: The Age of Exploration
I can understand why the search for a water route to Asia affected both Europe and the Americas.

3. Tree Map Information
Bullet #1: The Vikings set up a colony in Newfoundland.
Bullet #2: Christopher Columbus, seeking a sea route to Asia, reached the West Indies in 1492 instead.
Bullet #3: European explorers continued to explore and colonize the Americas.

4. First Explorers From Europe
Many theories about people who came before Columbus
Vikings, seafaring people from Scandinavia, had a settlement in Newfoundland

7. Voyages of Columbus
Christopher Columbus: explorer who believed he could reach Asia by going West
Moved to Portugal from Italy to study sailing
Talked to the King of Portugal, he didn’t believe in Columbus, so Columbus went to Spain for help

8. King of Portugal believed in Bartholomew’s plan instead of Columbus’

9. Setting Sail 1492 Columbus and 90 set sail
3 ships: Santa Clara(Nina), Pinta, Santa Maria
2 month journey
Believed he was in the East Indies

12. More Voyages
2nd trip: West Indies, plan to colonize and take over land
3rd trip: Northern coast of South America, thought he was in Asia again
4th trip: Tried to prove he had reached Asia again

13. Search for Asia Continues
Amerigo Verspucci, followed Columbus’ routes, knew he had not reached Asia
Vasco Nunez de Balboa; spanish colonist, and first European to see the Pacific Ocean

14. Ferdinand Magellan; Portuguese explorer; wanted to find an Atlantic-Pacific passage
Was looking for a strait( a narrow passage that connects two bodies of water)
Circumnavigate( to travel around)

15. Columbian Exchange Transfer of people, products and ideas
Positives: new animals and food
Negatives: diseases

17. Section 2: Spain’s Empire in the Americas
I can understand how Spain established an empire in the Americas.

18. Tree Map Information
Bullet #1: Spanish conquistadors conquered Native American civilizations in the Americas.
Bullet #2: As the Spanish Empire grew, Native American workers were harshly treated.
Bullet #3: A strict class system developed in Spain’s American colonies.

19. Spanish Conquistadors
Conquistador: soldier-adventurers, wanted money and glory
Hernando Cortes: conquistador, went from Cuba to Mexico
Montezuma: Aztec leader who tried offering Cortes gold to leave them alone
Gold starts problems for natives

22. Spanish Explorers in North America
Juan Ponce de Leon: found Florida
Searched Florida for gold, found Native Americans
Fought with Native Americans
“7 cities of gold”(myth), brought more explorers into North America

24. Harsh Life for Native Americans
Land given to settlers
Plantations formed (large farms worked by laborers who lived on the property)
Spanish government granted encomiendas (land grants that included the right to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans)

25. Bartolome de Las Casas: priest sent to reform encomiendas system
Spanish wanted the natives to become Christians
Set up missions(religious settlements)

26. The Trade in Humans
Natives dying
Look for new source of labor

27. Society in the Spanish Colonies
Strict social system
Top: Peninsulares(Spanish colonists who had be born in Spain
Creoles: colonists born in America of two Spanish parents
Mestizos: people of Spanish and Indian heritage
Mulattos: people of Spanish and African heritage
Bottom: Native Americans and African Americans

28. Section 3: Europeans Compete in North America
I can understand how the conflicts in Europe spurred exploration in North America.

29. Tree Map Information
Bullet #1: During the reformation, the authority of the Roman Catholic Church was challenged.
Bullet #2: The defeat of the Spanish Armada undermined Spanish control of the seas.
Bullet #3: European Explorers continued to seek a northwest passage to Asia.

30. Religious Conflicts Reformation: split of Catholic Church
Protestant churches growing
Church of England started

31. Economic Conflicts Wars cost $, wars occur often
Countries wanted colonies to make money
Mercantilism: colonies existed to make their home country wealthy and powerful

32. Spanish Armada
England was Protestant, Queen Elizabeth I, rivals with Spain
Spain wanted England to be Catholic
King Phillip II, Spain sent ships to England
Wanted Elizabeth off the throne
Spain fails

34. Northern Voyages
John Cabot: Italian explorer, wants a northern route to Asia, supported by English
Reached Newfoundland
Northwest passage: sea route from the Atlantic to the Pacific that passed through or around North America
Henry Hudson: English explorer, makes 4 trips to try and find the passage

37. Section 4: France and the Netherlands in North America
I can understand the impact of the establishment of French and Dutch colonies in North America on Native Americans.

38. Tree Map Information
Bullet #1: Colonists in New France established a fur trade with Native Americans.
Bullet #2: The Dutch established permanent settlements in what is now the northeastern United States.
Bullet #3: The French and the Dutch settlements had a negative impact on Native American life.

39. New France 1600s French settle colonies
Samuel de Champlain: explorer, establishes settlements in North America and Canada

42. Life in New France Made $ from fish and furs
Traded with Native Americans
Beavers=$$
Didn’t farm until late 1600s

43. Exploring the Mississippi
Expansion of New France
Jacques Marquette: French missionary, founded 2 missions
Traveled with Louis Joliet and found a water route to the Mississippi
La Salle explored the river to the end and named the region Louisiana

46. New Netherland
1610, Dutch came to Hudson River valley and begin trade with Natives
Start a permanent colony
Buy land from Indians and called it New Amsterdam
New Netherland was taken over by the English and renamed New York

48. The Impact on Native Americans
French and Dutch made alliances(an agreement between parties that benefits them both) with Indians
Often with Indians who were enemies
Led to fighting
Disease killed natives
Animals started to disappear