1. Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e Charles T. Blair-Broeker Randal M. Ernst

2. Cognitive Domain

3. Consciousness Chapter

4. Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Module 24

5. Consciousness Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

6. Consciousness Awareness of yourself and your environment

7. Body Rhythms Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

8. Pseudoscientific Claim Any assertion that is not based on science, even though in some circumstances attempts are made to appear scientific Appears to be scientific but is not

9. Biological Rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations Can affect physiological functioning Fall into three main categories –Circadian Rhythms –Ultradian Rhythms –Infradian Rhythms

10. Circadian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur approximately every 24 hours Example: Sleep-wake cycle and temperature

11. Sleep and Circadian Rhythms http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window. html?pid=1581

12. Circadian Rhythms Play “Circadian Rhythms” (3:58) Segment #9 from Psychology: The Human Experience.

13. Ultradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

14. Infradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season Example: Women’s menstrual cycle

15. Biological Rhythms Play “Can You Beat Jet Lag?” (6:44) Segment #15 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

16. Sleep and Sleep Deficit Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

17. Sleep Deprivation Effects Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning Safety and accident issues Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, etc.

18. Sleep Deprivation

19. Sleep Deprivation Studies Play “Catching Catnaps” (11:45) Segment #13 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2 nd edition).

20. Why We Sleep Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

21. Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brain Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment Changes levels of hormones in the body

22. Melatonin Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms Linked to the sleep-wake cycle Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

23. Reasons for Sleep Two primary reasons: –Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night –Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

24. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: The Stages of Sleep Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

25. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface Electrodes placed on the scalp measure the waves

26. Electroencephalograph (EEG) Electrodes are placed on the person’s scalp to measure the waves Used as a means to measure the stages of sleep

27. EEG

28. Stage 1 Sleep Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

29. Stage 1

30. Stages of Sleep

31. Stage 1

32. Stage 2 Sleep Brain wave cycle slows. First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes.

33. Stage 2

34. Stages 3 and 4 Sleep Slow wave sleep First time through stage 4 is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

35. Stage 3

36. Stage 4

37. Sleep http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_windo w.html?pid=1582

38. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

39. Non-REM Sleep Stages 1 - 4 considered N-REM (non- REM sleep)

40. REM Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth Vivid dreaming occurs in REM sleep Considered “paradoxical sleep” Term coined by William Dement

41. REM Sleep

42. Paradoxical Sleep During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake Pulse and breathing quickens. REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement

43. REM Sleep http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_windo w.html?pid=1583

44. Typical Night’s Sleep

45. Stage 4/REM Changes

46. Sleep Changes through Life

47. Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream? Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

48. Information-Processing Theory Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

49. Physiological Function Theory Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

50. Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

51. Cognitive Development Theory Dreams part of the maturation process Dreams reflect our knowledge Reflection of normal cognitive development

52. Dream Research http://vsx.onstreammedia.com/vsx/pbssa f/search/PBSPlayer?assetId=69025&ccs tart=0&pt=0&preview=

53. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems Module 24: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

54. Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

55. Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. Tend to be loud snorers Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

56. Narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks Person may lapse directly into REM sleep Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

57. Somnambulism Formal name for sleepwalking Starts in the deep stages of N-REM sleep Person can walk or talk and is able to see Rarely has any memory of the event

58. Night Terrors Sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and appearance of being terrified Unlike nightmares Happens during stage 4 sleep; mostly children The children seldom remember the event.

59. Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep –Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

60. The End

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